Indawo eyaziwa namuhla ngokuthi iMpumalanga Ephakathi, phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, yayiphila enye yempucuko eyayithuthuke kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo: Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya.
Ngenxa yabo, njengamanje singajabulela uchungechunge lwezinto ezisivumela ukuthi senze imisebenzi yethu kalula. Ake sazi ukuthi yini i- okuqanjiwe okubalulekile kweMesophothamiya.
Ukubhalwa kwe-cuneiform
Enye yezinto eziqanjwe kakhulu zempucuko yaseMesophothamiya kwaba i-cuneiform, yathuthukiswa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-4 BC ngu AmaSumeriya. Ekuqaleni, yayinama-pictograms ayemelela izinto ezithile noma imibono. Kodwa-ke, ukuvela kwalolu hlelo kwakushesha, futhi ngo-2600 BC, izimpawu zase zenziwe lula futhi zasulwa kude nemibono yazo yasekuqaleni. Le nqubo yokwenza lula iqhubekile nokuthuthuka kwaze kwaba yilapho uhlelo lokubhala luguquguquka ngokwanele ukuba lusetshenziswe ngale kwemisebenzi yokuphatha, okuvumela imiqondo engabonakali ukuthi ibonakale kanye namathekisthi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu azokhiqizwa.
Ukubhalwa kwe-cuneiform kwaqoshwa ku- izibhebhe zobumba ezimanzi, ucindezela ngesitayela esimise okwe-wedge - yingakho igama laso. Lesi simiso samukelwa ezinye izizwe ezinjengama-Akkadian nama-Elamu, futhi ithonya lalo lafinyelela ezinhlamvwini zezinhlamvu zesiPheresiya Esidala nesiUgarit. Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okungokoqobo, yayiyithuluzi elibalulekile ekwandiseni ulwazi nokugcinwa kwezindaba ezibalulekile, njenge I-Epic kaGilgamesh.
Njengoba ukubhala kukhula, abantu baseMesophothamiya baqala ukusebenzisa ezinye izimpawu ezinenombolo yefonetiki, ezaziwavumela ukuba aveze imibono engaqondakali neyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwakubalulekile ekuxhumaneni emphakathini lapho ukuphatha nokuhweba kudlondlobala.
Moneda
Ukusungulwa kwemali kungenye yeminikelo emikhulu yaseMesophothamiya emhlabeni. Nakuba ukudalwa kwayo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zanamuhla, izinhlamvu zemali zokuqala ezenziwe phakathi kwekhulu lesi-7 BC kanye nekhulu lokuqala AD Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando ezithile, njengo-Will Durant, ukukhishwa kwezinhlamvu zemali kwaqala ngaphansi kokubusa kwe- Inkosi yase-Asiriya uSaneribi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwanwetshwa ngokushesha kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwaphawula ngaphambi nangemva kwezomnotho wezwe lasendulo, kwavumela ukuhleleka okukhulu nokusebenza kahle kwezohwebo.
Ukusungulwa kwesondo
Enye yezinto eziqanjiwe ezibaluleke kakhulu ezavela eMesophothamiya kwakuyi- rueda. Lesi sisetshenziswa esilula kodwa esiyisisekelo saqala ukuvela cishe ngo-3500 BC Ekuqaleni, zadalwa ukuze zisetshenziswe ekwenzeni ubumba, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwanda kwaze kwaba kwezokuthutha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesondo kwavumela ukusungulwa kwe izinqola nezinqola, kanye nezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi njengesondo lombumbi. Nokho, kwaze kwaba ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa kamuva lapho isondo lagcina lisetshenziswa ekuthuthweni kwezimpahla nabantu. Lokhu okusha kwenze kwaba lula ukuhwebelana nokuhamba emazweni amaningi asendulo futhi kusengenye yezinsika zomakhenikha besimanje.
Izibalo kanye nohlelo lwe-sexagesimal
Enye yezindawo zolwazi lapho impucuko yaseMesophothamiya yagqama khona kwakusezweni izibalo. AmaSumer ayengabokuqala ukusungula uhlelo lwezinombolo oluyinkimbinkimbi olusekelwe enombolweni engu-60, eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-sexagesimal, esisakusebenzisa nanamuhla ukukala isikhathi nama-engeli (amasekhondi angu-60, amaminithi angu-60, ama-degree angu-360 endingilizini).
Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwavumela abantu baseMesophothamiya ukuba benze izibalo ezithuthukile futhi bathuthukise amatafula wokuphindaphinda, ukuhlukanisa kanye namandla, njengezimpande zesikwele kanye ne-cube. Ukwengeza, lolu hlelo lwalubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamakhalenda nocwaningo lwezinkanyezi.
Ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi nokufundwa kwezinkanyezi
El isifundo sesibhakabhaka nezindikimba zasezulwini zazibalulekile empucukweni yakuqala, futhi iMesophothamiya yayibalulekile. AbaseMesophothamiya bathuthuka ulwazi lwezinkanyezi ethuthukisiwe, eyayibavumela ukuba babone futhi bahlukanise izinkanyezi nemilaza.
Amarekhodi okuqala ahleliwe mayelana nesibhakabhaka abuyela emuva Amapulangwe e-Mul Apin kusukela ngonyaka we-1000 BC, okuyimibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo ehlukanisa izindawo ezintathu zesibhakabhaka. Lezi zindawo zathiwa ngonkulunkulu u-Enlil, u-Anu no-Ea, futhi zasebenza njengesisekelo sesayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje.
Nakuba ukufunda izinkanyezi namuhla kubhekwa njengesayensi-mbumbulu, kubantu baseMesophothamiya kwakuyithuluzi elibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo, njengoba babekholelwa ukuthi ukuhamba kwezinkanyezi kwakunethonya ezenzakalweni zezombangazwe nezenhlalo eMhlabeni.
Ikhalenda
El ikhalenda yenyanga, enye yezinto eziyisisekelo ezasungulwa eMesophothamiya, eyaqala ngo-4000 BC Bahlukanisa izinyanga zaba imijikelezo engu-12 yamasonto amane, nezinsuku zaba yisikhombisa, benza isisekelo samakhalenda anamuhla. Izinkathi zonyaka kanye nezigaba zenyanga nazo zazibalulekile ukuhlela imisebenzi yezolimo nemikhosi, okuyingxenye ebalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi wabo.
Umkhumbi neseyili
Ngenxa yendawo ekuyo phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, izakhamuzi zaseMesophothamiya zakha ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhamba nokuthutha impahla emanzini. Basungula izikebhe zikaseyili cishe ngo-3000 BC, okwavumela izinto zokuhamba ezisheshayo nezisebenza kahle. Eqinisweni, le mikhumbi yavumela ukudalwa kwemizila yokuhweba emfuleni ehlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu zensimu.
La vela, kanye nokunye ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi yasolwandle, kwaba nendima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni ukuhwebelana ezindaweni ezikude futhi kwenze ukuba indawo yempucuko yaseMesophothamiya yande.
Igeja
Ukusungulwa kwe igeja Kwakungenye yezimpumelelo ezidlulele eMesophothamiya. Le divayisi, eyakhiwe cishe ngo-3500 BC, yavumela ezolimo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngoba yenza kube lula ukulungiswa komhlaba nokuhlwanyela, ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho befuya izilwane ezinjengezinkabi, abalimi babezisebenzisa ukuze bahudule amageja, bezongela isikhathi nomzamo.
Insimbi
La metallurgy eMesopotamiya Kuphinde kube nomthelela omkhulu. Ekuqaleni, amaSumer aqala ukusebenza ngokuyinhloko ngethusi, kodwa cishe ngo-1200-1000 BC bakwazi ukuqonda ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi, nakuba ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphakeme nobunzima bokwelashwa, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakulinganiselwe ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezempi.
Intuthuko kwezensimbi yabeka isisekelo sokwenziwa kwamathuluzi nezikhali ezingcono, okwavumela imiphakathi yaseMesophothamiya ukuthi yande futhi ivikele kangcono izindawo zayo.
Kuyacaca ukuthi izinto eziqanjwe yimpucuko yaseMesopotamiya zibalulekile ekuqondeni intuthuko yabantu. Le ntuthuko ayigcinanga nje ngokuphawula inqubekelaphambili yesikhathi sayo, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke izinkulungwane zeminyaka ngemva kokusungulwa kwazo. Kusukela kuzibalo kuya ekubhaleni, kuya ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi ezolimo nezobuchwepheshe, iMesophothamiya yabeka izisekelo zempucuko yesimanje.