I-physics yesimanje inohlobo oluthile ukulungiswa okunokulingana Lokhu kuyamangaza kunoma ubani osondela ngisho kude nale ndaba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhuluma ngezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu, imithala, noma ingilazi elula yewayini, izazi zefiziksi zibuyela ngokuphindaphindiwe ekulinganiseni njengokungathi ziyikhampasi yokuqonda indawo yonke. Futhi, ngokweqiniso, kunjalo.
Kuvame ukushiwo, ngokwehlaya, ngokwengxenye ngokungathi sína, ukuthi uma besiqonda ngempela Uvelaphi ukulingana? Singakwazi ukuqonda izimfihlo ezijulile zeqiniso. Ngemuva kwalowo musho kukhona into engathi sína kakhulu: ingxenye enkulu yemithetho elawula indawo yonke, kusukela ekulondolozweni kwamandla kuya emibonweni mayelana nendaba emnyama, ibhalwe ngolimi lwe-symmetries kanye, isinyathelo esengeziwe, se-supersymmetry.
Sisho ukuthini ngokulingana ku-physics?
Olimini lwansuku zonke, uma sikhuluma ngokufana sicabanga ngento ethile okubonakalayo nokulinganiselayo, njengomzimba womuntuUma singazinaki izimpukane, izibazi, kanye nokungapheleli okuncane, izinhlangothi zethu zesobunxele nesokudla zibukeka zifana kakhulu. Uma ubeka ikhamera phambi kwesibuko bese uyibeka kahle, isithombe sokubonakaliswa kwakho kanye nesithombe sakho esiqondile ngeke sahlukaniseka. Isibuko senza umsebenzi oqondile kakhulu: sishintshana kwesobunxele nakwesokudla, kodwa umphumela ubukeka ufana.
Esinye isibonelo sansuku zonke ingilazi yewayini eyenziwe kahle. Uma uyibeka etafuleni bese uyijikelezisa ku-axis yayo eqondile, Ukubukeka kwayo akukashintshi nganoma iyiphi i-engeli yokujikeleza. Uma othile engena egumbini, aliphendule, bese ubuyela kamuva, ngeke ukwazi ukubona ukuthi ingilazi ijikelezisiwe noma cha ngokuyibuka nje. Uhlelo, kumbukeli, lufana ngaphambi nangemva kokujikeleza.
Ku-physics, lezi zibonelo zenziwa zibe semthethweni ngokuthi ukulingana kuyindlela yokusebenza, lapho isetshenziswa ohlelweni, Akushintshi izakhiwo zayo eziyisisekeloEsimweni sokuqala, sikhuluma ngokulingana kwesilinganiso (ukushintshana kwesobunxele-kwesokudla), kokwesibili, ukulingana kwesilinda noma okujikelezayo. Icebo liwukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko “ezingenangozi,” okungukuthi, yiziphi ezishiya izibalo ezichaza uhlelo zingasebenzi.
Lo mqondo udlulela ngale kokubonakalayo. Ukulingana kuxoxwa ngakho futhi ezichazweni zezibalo lapho, ngemva kokuguqulwa okuthile (isibonelo, ukushintsha okuguquguqukayo kube okungekuhle noma ukujikeleza uhlelo lokuxhumanisa), ifomula ephumayo ifana neyokuqalaEzibalweni zanamuhla, ukulingana kuchazwa yizakhiwo ezicwengekile kakhulu (amaqembu, ukumelwa, ama-algebra kaLie, njll.) asephenduke amathuluzi abalulekile kososayensi befiziksi.
Ukuthola ukulingana akuyona into efiselekayo. Kuyindlela yokwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwemisebenzi esingalwenza ohlelweni ngaphandle kokushintsha imiphumela yalo ebonakalayo. Empeleni, lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima bezinkinga, ngoba Kususa ngokushesha amathuba amaningi. okungavumelani nalokho kulinganisa.
Kungani imithetho yokulinganisa ku-physics yesimanje
Cabanga ukuthi ufuna ukwakha inkolelo-mbono engokoqobo yomhlaba oyisiyingi esiphelele. Ngokwemvelo, uyazi ukuthi noma yikuphi ukujikeleza kwalowo mkhakha kushiya konke kufana: Akukho iphuzu elikhethekileUma imithetho yefiziksi incike endaweni ethile ku-sphere, ubungahlukanisa iphuzu elilodwa kwelinye ngokuhlola, futhi ukulingana bekuzohlukana. Ngakho-ke, izilinganiso ozibhalayo azikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamaphuzu; kumele zihloniphe lokhu kulingana.
Lolu hlobo lokucabanga lugcwele yonke i-physics yamanje. I-Standard Model, echaza izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo (ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi akudala), yakhiwe ngokoqobo. kumasethi okulingana okungabonakali ezihlobanisa izinhlayiya zodwa futhi zikhawulele indlela ezingasebenzisana ngayo. Ukulingana akunezelwa ekugcineni ukuze kuhlotshiswe inkolelo-mbono; yizona kanye izinhlayiya zemodeli.
Kwenzeka into efanayo ekuxhumaneni okuvamile, kodwa ngokulingana okuhlukile. Ithiyori ka-Einstein isekelwe embonweni wokuthi imithetho yemvelo kumele isebenze kunoma yiluphi uhlaka lokubhekisela oluthinta inhliziyo, oluhumusha lube yi- ukuguquguquka ngaphansi kokuguqulwa okuthile kwesikhathi sesikhalaFuthi, ukulingana akuyona nje into ethakazelisayo, kodwa kuyimfuneko yokuvumelana.
Emsebenzini wansuku zonke wesazi sefiziksi, lokhu kuhunyushwa kube uhlobo lwesiqubulo: “akuzona zonke izinto ezihambayo.” Ama-Symmetries asebenza njengomhlahlandlela ophumelelayo kakhulu wokulahla imibono engaba khona kanye nokuklama emisha. Iziphakamiso eziningi ku-physics ngale kwe-Standard Model, kusukela kumibono ehlanganisiwe enkulu kuya kumamodeli adonsela phansi kwe-quantum, zivela ngokufuna ama-symmetries engeziwe, noma ekuwaphuleni ngezindlela ezilawulwa kakhulu.
Ithiyori kaNoether: ibhuloho eliphakathi kokulingana nokulondolozwa
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isazi sezibalo saseJalimane u-Emmy Noether sakha umphumela abaningi abawubheka njengobalulekile. enye yamagugu ajulile kakhulu e-physics yethiyoriIthiyori yakhe isungula ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokulingana kanye nobuningi obugciniwe. Kalula nje: noma nini lapho ithiyori inokulingana okuqhubekayo, inani elihlala lingaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi livela lihlotshaniswa nayo.
Isibonelo, ukulondolozwa kwamandla kuhlobene ukulingana maqondana nokufuduka ngesikhathiUma imithetho yefiziksi ingashintshi kusukela kolunye usuku kuya kolunye (okungukuthi, iyafana nanamuhla nekusasa), khona-ke amandla aphelele esistimu ehlukanisiwe ayalondolozwa. Ukulondolozwa komfutho oqondile kuhlotshaniswa nokulingana kokuhumusha esikhaleni: uma ukuhambisa lonke ucwaningo ngamamitha ambalwa kungashintshi imiphumela yalo, umfutho uhlala ungaguquki.
Kwenzeka okufanayo nge-angular momentum, ehlobene ne- ukulingana kokujikelezaUma ukujikeleza lonke uhlelo kungashintshi izakhiwo zalo zomzimba, khona-ke i-angle momentum iyonke ayishintshi. Njalo njalo ngezinye izinto ezigciniwe, njengokushaja kagesi, okuhambisana nokulingana kwangaphakathi okungabonakali.
Into emangalisayo ngethiyori kaNoether ukuthi isenza sikwazi ukukhipha ulwazi olunamandla ku-theory ngaphandle kokudinga ukuxazulula zonke izilinganiso zayo. Ukuthola nje ukulingana kwayo kwembula ukuthi yimaphi amanani angashintshi. Leli qhinga lisebenza kusukela ku-classical mechanics kuya ku-quantum field physics, futhi wonke umfundi ohlangabezana nalo uhlangabezana nokushaqeka okuncane: Kubonakala sengathi iqiniso elijulile kakhulu livela ngokuzumayo mayelana nendlela indawo yonke ehlelwe ngayo.
Ama-Boson nama-fermion: imindeni emibili ehlukene kakhulu
Uma siqhubekela phambili ku-quantum mechanics yezinhlelo ezinezinhlayiya eziningi, sihlangana nezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-fermion nama-bosonsLokhu kuhlukaniswa akusikho okungahleliwe; kuhlotshaniswa nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sezinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi i-spin, esihlobene ne-quantum angular momentum.
Ama-Fermion (njengama-electron, ama-proton, noma ama-neutron) anokujikeleza kwe-half-integer (1/2, 3/2, njll.) futhi athobela isimiso sokukhipha i-Pauli. Lokhu kusho ukuthi Abakwazi ukwabelana ngesimo esifanayo se-quantumEmpeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi “azithandi ukuqoqana” nazo zonke izakhiwo zazo zifana. Lo mthetho olula uchaza konke kusukela ekwakhiweni kwama-athomu kuya ekuzinzeni kwezinto esizithinta nsuku zonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Bosons ane-integer spin (0, 1, 2…) futhi athanda ukuxhumana nabantu kakhulu. Angahlala esimweni esifanayo se-quantum ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Kwezinye izinhlelo, empeleni, zonke izinhlayiya ze-bosonic zigcina zisesimweni esifanayonjengoba kwenzeka kuma-laser noma kuma-condensate e-Bose-Einstein. I-photon, i-Higgs boson, noma ama-pion yizibonelo zama-boson esiwazi kahle elabhorethri.
Lo mehluko ekuziphatheni okuhlangene wenza ama-fermion nama-boson abonakale njengezwe elihlukene. Elinye lakha “into” (ama-electron, ama-quark, ama-lepton ngokujwayelekile), kanti elinye livame ukuba nesibopho salokhu. lawula ukusebenzisana okuyisisekelo (ama-photon e-electromagnetism, ama-gluon ekusebenzisaneni okunamandla, njll.). Azibonakali zifana kakhulu… ngaphandle kokuthi kukhona ukulingana okujulile okuzixhumanisayo.
Futhi yilapho i-supersymmetry iqala khona ukusebenza, umqondo osikisela ukuthi, mhlawumbe, ama-fermion nama-bosons ayizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo, exhunywe yinguquko ecashile nakakhulu.
Kusukela ku-symmetries evamile kuya ku-supersymmetry
Kusukela ngawo-60 kanye nawo-70, izazi zesayensi yethiyori zaqala ukuzibuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukucabanga ukulingana okusha okwedlulele yalezo esezaziwa kakade ku-Standard Model. Uma ukulingana okuvamile kuye kwabonakala kuwusizo kangaka ekwakheni imibono, kungani ungahloli ukuthi kungaba khona yini inguqulo enwetshiwe yomqondo ehlobene ngqo nama-fermion nama-boson?
Ngokomlando, bekukhona izinyathelo ezithile ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zangaphambilini. Isazi sefiziksi saseJapan uHironari Miyazawa saphakamisa uhlobo oluthile lwe- i-hadronic supersymmetry phakathi kwama-baryon (ama-fermion ahlanganisiwe, njengama-proton nama-neutron) nama-mesons (ama-hadron e-bosonic). Ukuze achaze lobu budlelwano, wethula izakhiwo zezibalo esizozibona namuhla njengezinhlobo ze-SU(3|3) superalgebra, ngisho nangaphandle kokusebenzisa lolo limi lwanamuhla.
Ngemva nje kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwawo-70, amaqembu amaningana asebenza kumamodeli amabili kanye nemibono yokuqala yezintambo. UGervais noSakita bethula lokho abakubiza ngokuthi ukuguqulwa “kwe-supergauge”, izandulela eziqondile zokuguqulwa kwamanje kwe-supersymmetric. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uGolland noLikhtman bandise i-algebra kaPoincaré (echaza ukulingana okuyisisekelo kwesikhathi se-relativistic) enguqulweni “elinganisiwe”, befaka ama-generator ahlanganisa amazinga enkululeko e-bosonic kanye ne-fermionic.
Kwavela namamodeli athile, njengalawo kaVolkov no-Akulov, abikezela i-spin 3/2 fermion ehlotshaniswa ne-nonlinear supersymmetry. Kodwa kwakuyimodeli eyaklanywa nguWess noZumino ngo-1973 eyenza umehluko ngempela. leyo eyaqeda ukuhlanganisa i-supersymmetry njengokwelulwa okungathi sína nokuhlelekile kohlaka lwemibono yensimu ye-quantum. Kusukela ngo-1974 kuqhubeke, lo mbono waqala futhi waqala ukuhlanganiswa ngokwemvelo emizamweni yokwandisa i-Standard Model esanda kuhlanganiswa.
Kukhona ngisho “nomlando wangaphambi komlando” okude kakhulu: ngo-1937, uWigner wayehlukanise izethulo ezingenakulinganiswa zeqembu lePoincaré futhi wathola izakhiwo zezibalo ezinemibhoshongo engenamkhawulo ye-integer kanye ne-half-integer helicities. Lezi zethulo, ezazibonakala njengezinto ezingavamile ngaleso sikhathi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa ngokomzimba, zavela zaba okuhlobene ngokwemvelo nemibono elinganayonakuba kungekho muntu owakubona kwaze kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka kamuva.
Yini ngempela ehlongozwayo yi-supersymmetry?
Ngendlela yayo eyisisekelo, i-supersymmetry (i-SUSY, ngamafuphi) isho okulandelayo: kuzo zonke izinhlayiya ezaziwayo lapho kumele zihambisane umlingani olingana kakhulu enesethi efanayo yezakhiwo zangaphakathi (ukushaja, ukuguqulwa kwe-spin, njll.) kodwa enesimo se-bosonic noma se-fermionic esishintshiwe.
Ngakho-ke, i-fermion ngayinye ku-Standard Model ihlotshaniswa ne-boson ene-supersymmetric kanye nokuphikisana nalokho. I-electron, isibonelo, ingaba nomlingani obizwa ngokuthi i-selector, ozoziphatha njenge-boson enezakhiwo ezifanayo kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalolo shintsho olubalulekile kuhlobo lwe-spin. Ngokufanayo, ama-quark azohlanganiswa nama-squark, futhi Ama-boson anjenge-gluon ahambisana ne-fermion ebizwa ngokuthi i-gluinoAma-photon angahlotshaniswa nama-photonos, ama-graviton nama-gravitinos, njalo njalo nekhathalogi yonke yezinhlayiya ezifanele.
Ukube ukulingana bekuphelele, umbhangqwana ngamunye ubuzoba nobunzima obufanayo, okusho ukuthi ekuhlolweni besizohlala sibona inhlayiya kanye nomlingani wayo olingana kakhulu kukhiqizwa ngaphandle kobunzima. Kodwa akunjalo: kuze kube manje, Akukho neyodwa yalezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu ebonwe Ngokuphelele. Ukuze kusindiswe le mbono, izazi zesayensi zeza nomqondo wokuqhekeka kwe-supersymmetry: ukulingana kukhona ezibalweni eziyisisekelo, kodwa endaweni yonke yethu “kuphukile,” kangangokuthi ubuningi bezinhlayiya ezinkulu bukhulu kakhulu kunobalingani bazo abavamile.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuzithola kudinga amandla aphezulu kakhulu, njengalawo atholakala kuma-accelerator e-LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Ngokusho kwamamodeli amaningi, ubuningi balezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu kufanele bube sefasiteleni eliphakathi kwe-GeV eyi-100 kanye ne-TeV eyi-1, ububanzi bamandla obukhona. Kuye kwahlolwa ezivivinyweni ezifana ne-ATLAS kanye ne-CMSKuze kube manje, abukho ubufakazi obukholisayo obuvele, obusishukumisela ukuba sithuthukise amamodeli, sandise ububanzi bokusesha, noma singabaze ezinye izibikezelo.
Kungani i-supersymmetry ijabulisa izazi eziningi zefiziksi
I-Supersymmetry akuyona nje into enhle ngokwezibalo, yize injalo impela. Ikhanga kakhulu itholakala ezimpendulweni ezisikiselayo ezinikezayo ku- izinkinga eziningana ezivulekile ku-physics yamanjeEnye yezinto okukhulunywa kakhulu ngayo yinkinga ebizwa ngokuthi yi-hierarchy: kungani ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka kunamandla kangaka uma kuqhathaniswa namandla adonsela phansi, noma, ngamanye amazwi, kungani isisindo se-boson ye-Higgs “sincane” uma kuqhathaniswa nesikali se-Planck.
Ngaphandle kwe-supersymmetry, ukubalwa kwe-quantum kwe-mass ye-Higgs kuvame ukuveza imiphumela emikhulu kakhulu, kudinga ukulungiswa okuhle kakhulu ukuze kuhambisane nokubonwa. Nge-SUSY, iminikelo yama-fermion nama-boson kulezi zilungiso ikhanseliwe kancane, okuyinto Kunciphisa inkinga ngokwemvelo. futhi ivumela isisindo samaHiggs ukuthi sigcinwe ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanele ngaphandle kokuxubana ngezinombolo.
Elinye iphuzu elinamandla yi-dark matter. Ukuqashelwa kwe-cosmological kubonisa ukuthi cishe u-85% we-matter endaweni yonke ungohlobo oluthile Ayikhiphi futhi ayimunci ukukhanyaKodwa-ke, inethonya lamandla adonsela phansi emithalazweni nasemaqenjini. I-Standard Model ayinikezi abantu abafanele ukuchaza le nto emnyama, ngaphandle kwama-neutrinos anobunzima, abonakala enganele. Nokho, kumamodeli amaningi angenawo umkhawulo, inhlayiya elula kakhulu (i-LSP) izinzile futhi ayithathi hlangothi, futhi ifanelana kahle nezakhiwo ezilindelwe yinhlayiya yento emnyama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-supersymmetry yenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kokuxhumana okuyisisekelo. Uma sibheka ukuthi ama-coupling constant (lawo alinganisa amandla amandla) aguquka kanjani ngamandla, Kumodeli engenazo i-SUSY, azihlangani kahle. endaweni eyodwa. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-supersymmetry eyengeziwe, la ma-curve avame ukuhlangana kangcono emandleni aphezulu kakhulu, okwandisa amathemba enkolelo-mbono enkulu ehlangene lapho i-electromagnetism, ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka, kanye nokusebenzisana okunamandla kuyizibonakaliso zamandla owodwa emandleni amakhulu.
Okokugcina, i-supersymmetry idlala indima ebalulekile emibonweni yezintambo kanye nezintambo ze-superstring, ezama ukuchaza amandla adonsela phansi ngemithetho ye-quantum, kanye nase- ithiyori ye-quantum gravityNgaphandle kwe-supersymmetry, imibono yezintambo ibhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zokuvumelana (ukuvela kwe-tachyon, ukuhlukahluka, njll.). Ngayo, Amamodeli aziphatha kangcono kakhulu futhi kubonakala sengathi izakhiwo ezicebile zezinto ezimbili kanye nokuxhumana kwezibalo okuye kwaguqula i-physics yethiyori kanye namagatsha aphelele ezibalo.
Ukugxekwa, ukungabaza, kanye nendima yokuhlolwa
Kodwa-ke, akuyona yonke into ethokozisayo. Ngaphakathi komphakathi we-physics yethiyori uqobo, kunezisho ezigxekayo ezikhomba ukuthi, naphezu kweminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi, Asikakaboni noma yiziphi izinhlayiya ezinkulu okwamanje. ekuhlolweni okunamandla kakhulu okwakhiwe kuze kube manje. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho sandisa ububanzi bamandla ahlolwayo ngaphandle kokuthola izimpawu, amamodeli athile alula e-SUSY awaba nokwenzeka kangako.
Kukhona futhi impikiswano mayelana nokuthi lezi zihloko zethulwa kanjani emphakathini jikelele. Ezinkulumweni zomphakathi noma kumavidiyo, isikhathi esiningi ngezinye izikhathi sichithwa sibukeza i-physics eyisisekelo ngaphambi kokungena ku-supersymmetry, okungacasula abathandayo asebevele benolwazi oluthile lwasemuva. Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi abanye abantu abadumile Bathengisa i-supersymmetry njengokungathi kuyiqiniso eliqinisekisiwe., kanti empeleni kusalokhu kuwuhlaka olucatshangelwayo olulinde ukuqinisekiswa okucacile kokuhlolwa.
Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sokungafani phakathi kwethiyori nokuhlolwa singatholakala endabeni yama-neutrino. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayengenasisindo, ngokwengxenye ukuze kube lula ngokwethiyori kumamodeli ahlukahlukene (kufaka phakathi amanye aphefumulelwe yithiyori yezintambo), kodwa ukuhlolwa kokunyakaza kwe-neutrino kubonise ukuthi Yebo, zinesisindo esincane kodwa hhayi esingenalutho.Lokhu kwaphoqa ukubuyekezwa nokwandiswa kwamamodeli, futhi kusebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi imvelo ihlala inegama lokugcina, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhiwo zethu ezinhle ziyayithanda noma cha.
Esimweni esithile se-supersymmetry, idatha ye-LHC ibilokhu ibeka imingcele eqinile kakhulu ku-mass encane kakhulu kunaleyo ama-superparticle amaningi angaba nayo. Akukhona ukuthi i-block supersymmetry “iphikisiwe,” kodwa ezinye zezimo zayo ezilula nezinethemba kakhulu. Sebevele bebambeke kakhuluOsosayensi befiziksi bayaqhubeka nokuhlola izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, amamodeli ane-SUSY breaking ehlukene, noma izandiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa indawo ayikhululekile kangako kunaseminyakeni engamashumi amabili noma engamashumi amathathu edlule.
I-Supersymmetry, i-dark matter kanye ne-supermassive black holes
Umbuzo wezinto ezimnyama uhlangana ne-supersymmetry ngezindlela ezisikisela kakhulu. Okuwukuphela kwento esiyaziyo ngokuqinisekile ngale ndaba ukuthi unyawo lwamandla adonsela phansi endaweni yonkeamajika okujikeleza komthala, amalensi adonsela phansi, isakhiwo esikhulu… Kodwa asikakatholi ngqo noma yiziphi izinhlayiya zalo, kungaba kuma-detector angaphansi komhlaba noma kuma-collider.
Amanye amamodeli angenakulinganiswa anikeza abantu abafanelekela le nto emnyama, njenge-LSP ezithile ezizinzile ezisebenzisana kancane. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje izivivinyo zokufuna izimpawu ezivela kulezi zinhlayiya, kungaba semkhathini noma emalabhorethri, azizange ziveze imiphumela eqinisekile. Isimo sifana nesika-SUSY ngokujwayelekile: Amafasitela okuhlola ayavaleka kancane kancane.Kodwa kusekhona indawo yokuthi kube nohlobo oluthile lokusebenza.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-astrophysics yembula izinto okunzima ukuzihlanganisa nohlaka lwakudala. Isibonelo, i-James Webb Space Telescope ithole imigodi emnyama emidala kakhulu, cishe emidala njengendawo yonke uqobo. Ngokwemibono yendabuko, lezi zilo kufanele zakheke ngemigodi emincane emnyama egwinya igesi, izinkanyezi, kanye neminye imigodi emnyama eminyakeni eyizigidigidi. Kodwa-ke, ezinye zalezo ezibonwayo zibonakala sengathi mkhulu kakhulu kuneminyaka yabo.
Yilapho kuvela khona umbono oqakathekile: ukuthi into emnyama ithonya ngqo ukwakheka kwalezi zimbobo ezimnyama zokuqala. Abacwaningi abanjengo-Alexander Kusenko nethimba lakhe baphakamise ukuthi, endaweni yonke yakuqala, ukuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama bekungavimbela ukupholisa kwe-hydrogen, kuvimbele ukwakheka okuvamile kwezinkanyezi. Esikhundleni salokho, ifu elikhulu, elishisayo legesi lingase ukuwa ngokuzumayo emgodini omnyama omkhulu kakhuluukweqa isigaba sezinkanyezi esiphakathi.
Inkinga iwukuthi igesi ivame ukupholisa ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi lapho ama-molecule e-hydrogen akha futhi esebenza njenge-“radiator” ephumelelayo. Izinto ezimnyama kuzodingeka zibe nethonya elicashile kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe izimo ezidingekayo. Amamodeli emfundiso kanye nokulingisa kuyathuthukiswa ukuze kufundwe lezi zimo, futhi i-James Webb Space Telescope, kanye nezindawo zokubuka zesikhathi esizayo, inganikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile. Uma noma yikuphi kwalokhu kucatshangelwa kuqinisekiswa, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto ezimnyama, i-supersymmetry, kanye nemigodi emnyama Kungaba mncane nakakhulu.
Nokho, okwamanje, isimo siyiqiniso: siyazi ukuthi into emnyama ikhona ngenxa yomphumela wayo wamandla adonsela phansi, sinemibono enengqondo (kufaka phakathi eminingi elingana kakhulu) mayelana nokuthi ingaba yini, futhi siqoqa izinkomba ezithakazelisayo mayelana nendima yayo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ze-cosmic… kodwa Asikayibambi inhlayiya yekhonkrithi entanyeniUkusho ngokusobala.
Uma sibheka ndawonye, umlando wokulingana kanye nokulingana okukhulu ku-physics ukhombisa izinga lapho indawo yonke ibonakala ihlelwe khona ngokulandelana. amaphethini ajulileKusukela emzimbeni womuntu noma engilazini yewayini kuya ezinhlayiyeni eziyisisekelo kanye nemigodi emnyama ekude, ukulingana kwakudala, okwenziwe ngemiphumela efana nethiyori kaNoether, kusivumele ukuthi siqonde ukuthi kungani amanani athile egcinwa nokuthi imithetho yefiziksi kumele ibe njani ukuze kuhlonishwe ukuguquguquka okuyisisekelo kwesikhala nesikhathi. I-Supersymmetry, nayo yonke ubuhle bayo bezibalo kanye namandla ayo okuxazulula izimfihlakalo ezifana nenkinga yokuhlelwa kwezikhundla noma uhlobo lwezinto ezimnyama, isalokhu ingumzamo omkhulu wethiyori olinde isinqumo esiqinisekile sokuhlola. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ekugcineni kuqinisekisiwe noma kusiphoqa ukuthi sisungule izinhlaka ezinesibindi nakakhulu, sekuvele kushiye uphawu olujulile endleleni esicabanga ngayo ngeqiniso.
[i-url ehlobene = “https://www.cultura10.com/quantum-graveness-theory-maps-tests-and-crossroads/”]