Ngaphakathi izincwadi ngeSpanishi ugqama njengomunye wababhali abakhulu ngolimi lwesiSpanishi IGarcilaso de la Vega. Nakuba engazange ashicilele noma yimuphi umsebenzi ukuphila kwakhe konke (1498-1536), izinkondlo zakhe zaqoqwa futhi zanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa kwakhe ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Lokhu kusivumele ukuba sazi ngendlela ephelele neningilizayo ifa lakhe elibalulekile lemibhalo, elaguqula izinkondlo zeSpanishi ngokwethula izinhlobo ezintsha zezinkondlo zase-Italy zesikhathi sakhe.
UGarcilaso de la Vega waphila ngesikhathi lapho iRenaissance humanism ithatha izintambo. kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu njengendlela yamasiko nezobuciko. Le nhlangano yaba nomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini wakhe, njengoba u-Garcilaso engabonanga nje kuphela lezi zinguquko, kodwa futhi wahlanganisa izici ezintsha zezincwadi zasendulo kanye ne-Italian Renaissance emkhakheni we-Hispanic. Umsebenzi wakhe, nakuba umfushane ngobude, ubalulekile ekuqondeni inguquko esuka ezinkondlweni zenkathi ephakathi ukuya ezinkondlweni zeRenaissance ngolimi lwesiSpanishi.
Phakathi komsebenzi wakhe, omunye wemibhalo ekhunjulwa kakhulu nebalulekile ngokungangabazeki ungowakhe ICanticle kaSalicio neNemoroso, i-eclogue ebonisa ukuhlukunyezwa kothando kwembongi, okuxhunywe ngokwengxenye nothando lwayo ngo-Isabel Freyre. Lolu thando, uGarcilaso ayengakwazi ukuluqeda, lwaba umthombo omkhulu wogqozi ezinkondlo zakhe, ikakhulukazi izinkondlo zakhe.
Ngaphezu kwama-eclogues akhe adumile, kukhona futhi phakathi kwemibhalo yakhe iculo le-Petrarchan elihlanganisa ama-sonnet angu-40 nezingoma ezingu-5, kanye nezincwadi ze-epistolary. Ngale misebenzi, u-Garcilaso wahlanganisa amamodeli wemethrikhi yesiNtaliyane ezinkondlweni zesiCastilian, njenge-sonnet nehabhu, ehlala ezincwadini zeSpanishi.
Incwadi enikezelwe eBoscán
UJuan Boscán wayengumuntu obalulekile empilweni kaGarcilaso de la Vega. Laba bobabili bahlangana ngo-1519 futhi ngokushesha baba nobungane obujulile. Lobu budlelwano babubalulekile kuGarcilaso ukuthi asebenzise amafomu ezinkondlo zesiNtaliyane uBoscán asewasebenzisile. Komunye wemisebenzi yakhe, uGarcilaso unikezela incwadi kumngane wakhe, lapho emnikeza khona iseluleko sokuphila impilo enokuthula, kude nokweqisa kanye nokukhathazeka.
Incwadi yanyatheliswa kuqala Imisebenzi kaBoscán Kuwukubonakaliswa kokwazisa okukhulu uGarcilaso aba nakho ngomngane wakhe, naye owahlanganiswa umbono wobuciko bombhalo obusekelwe emibonweni yokuvuselelwa kweRenaissance.
Ama-Elegies
Ngaphakathi kwezinkondlo ze-lyric, lolo hlobo lomculo oluhlanganisa kokubili imizwa kanye nokuzindla, luyingxenye engaphansi i-elegy. Lezi zingoma ziveza ubuhlungu ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okuthile noma isenzakalo esibuhlungu. UGarcilaso ubhale ama-elegies amabili aziswa ikakhulukazi abagxeki ngokuqukethwe kwabo nesitayela sabo.
- 'Ekufeni kukaDon Bernardino de Toledo': ebhalwe inkumbulo yendodana yoMbusi wase-Alba, owashona emkhankasweni wezempi. Kule nkondlo, uGarcilaso ubonisa ukuphela kwempilo, kodwa, ngokungafani neminye imibhalo efanayo, wamukela indlela encipha kakhulu, efaka izikhombo zenkolo yendabuko ngokubaluleka kobuqaba okukhumbuza ama-epics asendulo.
- 'Elegy II: Kunikezelwe ku-Boscán, lo mculo wodumo waqanjwa ngaphambi nje kokushona kukaGarcilaso ngokwakhe. Kuyo, isimo sembongi siyavezwa, sibonakala ngokuhlukana nokudingiswa. UGarcilaso utshela umngane wakhe ukuthi uhlala kanjani eSicily, eduze namabutho ombusi, futhi uzwakalisa ukulangazelela kwakhe ukuphila kwakhe kwangaphambilini kanye nezikhathi ezabelana ngazo ngobungane nokuthula.
Ama-Eclogues
UGarcilaso de la Vega waziwa kakhulu ngeyakhe ama-eclogues amathathu wobufundisi, uhlobo lapho ethola khona indlela yokuveza imizwa yakhe siqu nokuzindla ngothando, imvelo kanye nempilo ngendlela engaqondakali kakhudlwana.
- I-Eclogue I: Le nkondlo ingenye ethinta imizwa kakhulu ku-repertoire ye-Garcilasian. Ubonakala ephefumulelwe ngokucacile ngu-Isabel Freyre ngaphansi kwegama elithi 'Elisa'. Ngomfanekiso kaSalicio, uGarcilaso uthulula owakhe ubuhlungu ngokufa kuka-Isabel. Kuyinkondlo lapho impilo yezwe kanye nothando olungamukeleki lwenziwa khona.
- I-Eclogue II: Nakuba ithatha indawo yesibili ngokulandelana kwemibhalo yakhe, izazi ezihlukahlukene ziyavuma ukuthi, ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo, yayingeyokuqala eyaqanjwa. Ishwa likaSalicio noNemoroso liyalandiswa, izethulo zemibhalo zikaGarcilaso nobuhlungu bakhe ngenxa yokwenqatshwa kothando kuka-Isabel Freyre.
- I-Eclogue III: Le eclogue inikezelwe kunkosikazi womngane wakhe u-Don Pedro de Toledo, futhi kuyo ukulahlekelwa kuka-Isabel kubonakala futhi. Imvelo, ama-nymphs oMfula i-Tagus kanye nenganekwane yakudala kuhlangene kwelinye lamaculo ombhali alula kakhulu futhi amahle kakhulu.
Izingoma ezinhlanu zikaGarcilaso de la Vega
Phakathi kwezingoma ezabhalwa uGarcilaso, ezinhlanu zigqama kakhulu ngokujula kwezingoma zazo kanye nokuqukethwe kwemizwa:
- 'A flor de Cnido': i-ode yothando eya ku-Violante Sanseverino, u-Garcilaso abhekisela kuye 'njengembali ye-Gnido'.
- 'Ngomsindo opholile': izinkondlo lapho ekhombisa khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokudlula kobuhle.
- 'Ngifuna ubunzima bezinkinga zami': elinye iculo elikhuluma ngendikimba ephindelelayo yokuhlukumezeka emoyeni imbongi eyabhekana nayo.
- 'Isizungu esilandelayo' kanye 'Yebo endaweni ewugwadule engahlalwa muntu': izingoma ezikhuluma ngesizungu lapho u-Garcilaso azithola ecwile khona ngenxa yezimo zakhe zomuntu siqu nezempi.
Amasonethi
I-Los Garcilaso sonnets Zingezinye zezinsika ezinkulu zomsebenzi wakhe, ezivelele kokubili ngenani nangekhwalithi. Kuwo wonke ama-sonnets angaba ngu-38 alondoloziwe, kungenzeka ukubona ukuvela okucacile kwesitayela sakhe, kusukela ekuqanjweni kwasekuqaleni nokulula, kuya kulezo zokuvuthwa okukhulu nokuba yinkimbinkimbi. Ezingomeni zakhe zakamuva, ezifana nethi 'En tan que de rosa' edumile, uGarcilaso ubonisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokulahlekelwa yintsha, izindikimba ezazibalulekile kubuhle beRenaissance futhi ezimxhumanisa nePetrarchism, kodwa futhi nangemisebenzi yakudala efana nale. njenge-Virgil's Bucolics.
Emavesini akhe, ngaphezu kwalokho, imvelo kanye nempilo yokwalusa Banendawo evelele. Izindawo ezikahle kanye nokumelelwa kwabelusi nama-nymphs, njalo ukuxhumana nezakhi zemvelo, kubonisa ukuvumelana komuntu nendawo yakhe. Nokho, ngaphansi kwalobu bucolic, imizwelo yomuntu siqu yembongi ivela njalo, ibhekene ne-melancholy kanye ne-nostalgia.
UGarcilaso ubonakala nangokusebenzisa kwakhe ukwenza samuntu nezindikimba ezingokomfanekiso. Kumasonnet akhe amaningi, ukuhamba kwesikhathi nokudlula kobuhle kubonakala kungaphansi, emelelwa ngezingathekiso ezixhumanisa izakhi zemvelo nezimo zemizwa. Leli khono lokuhlanganisa izinzwa nezinto ezingokomoya lingenye yezinto ezenze umsebenzi wakhe wakhuthazela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka njengesibonelo sezinkondlo zeRenaissance.
Kuzo zonke izifundo zemibhalo, abagxeki abambalwa baye baqaphela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezingoma zikaGarcilaso kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: esokuqala, lapho umsebenzi wakhe uxhumene kakhulu nesiko lesiCastilian; okwesibili, lapho ithonya lase-Italy lihamba phambili, ikakhulukazi maqondana nothando lwakhe ngo-Isabel Freyre; kanye neyesithathu, i-classicist ne-Neapolitan, lapho izinkomba nezindikimba ezivela kuzinganekwane kanye nezakudala zakudala zithatha indawo evelele.
Ngesikhathi sakhe sase-Italy, uGarcilaso wahlangana nomsebenzi wababhali abanjengoJacopo Sannazaro, Arcadia Yaphinde yaba nomthelela emqondweni wobufundisi ogcwele amazwibela embongi yaseToledo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubungane bakhe nezazi nababhali baseNtaliyane abanjengoBernardo Tasso noLuigi Tansillo bamvumela ukuba athole ukujula okukhulu ekusebenziseni amafomu amasha ezinkondlo.
Ifa lika-Garcilaso liyaqhubeka, hhayi nje ngenxa yokubaluleka kwakhe emlandweni wezinkondlo, kodwa nangenxa yethonya aba nalo ezizukulwaneni zakamuva zezimbongi zaseSpain. Kusukela ku-Luis de Góngora kuya ku-Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, ababhali abaningi baye bahlonipha imbongi yase-Toledo, beyibona 'njengenkosana yezimbongi zaseCastilian'. Ukukhuphuka kwayo ezinkondlweni zeRenaissance kusize ukuhlanganisa amafomu amasha ezinkondlo ngeSpanishi futhi kwavula indlela yokuba abanye baqhubeke nokuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi komuzwa nokusho ingoma.