Lapho ukhuluma nge- Magna Carta, siveza ukuthi abavamile noma abalimi be- Iminyaka ephakathi ekugcineni bazuza ngakho, kodwa yayinjani impilo kulaba bantu kuze kube yileso sikhathi? Zaziyini izimo zokuphila kwalabo ababengewona amakhosi, izicukuthwane, noma inkolo?
Izimo Ezijwayelekile Zabalimi
Ukuphila kwabalimi beNkathi Ephakathi kwakuhluke ngokuphelele kweyemikhakha enelungelo njengezikhulu noma abefundisi. Ngobubanzi, abalimi bangahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i abalimi mahhala futhi i izincekuOwokuqala wayenesilinganiso senkululeko yokwenza izinqumo ngezimpilo zawo, kuyilapho ama-serf ayeboshelwe kunkosi yenkosi futhi isiphetho sawo sasincike ekuvumeni kwakhe. Iningi labalimi lalisebenza umhlabathi futhi lihlala emizaneni eboshelwe kunkosi, elalingagcini nje ngokumkweleta umsebenzi walo kodwa nengxenye yesivuno salo elaliyintela enjengokweshumi. Nakuba kwakukhona ukungezwani kwezenhlalo phakathi kwabalimi abakhululekile kanye nama-serfs, womabili la maqembu ayephila ngokusebenza kanzima nezimo zokuphila eziphansi kakhulu ezaziwahlukanisa kwabanenhlanhla. Abalimi bamahhala banomhlaba, nakuba kulinganiselwe, futhi babenokuzimela okwengeziwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaSerf ayengaphansi kohlobo oluthile lobugqila, bengenankululeko yokunyakaza, ukushada, noma ukushintsha imisebenzi. Isimo sabo satholwa kubazali kuya ezinganeni. Impilo yabampofu nayo yayithonywe inkolo nesimo sezulu. Abalimi babheka esibhakabhakeni ngomqondo ongokomoya, benethemba lokuvikelwa kwaphezulu, nangomqondo ongokoqobo, njengoba umsebenzi emasimini wawuncike ekhalendeni lezolimo, elibuswa izinkathi zonyaka.
Izindlu zabo
I-Los abalimi Abantu ngeNkathi Ephakathi babephila ukuphila okunzima futhi ngokuvamile okufushane. Babehlala ngokuzithoba okukhulu ezindlini ezinekamelo elilodwa ezinephansi lobumba. Lezi zakhiwo, ngokuvamile ezakhiwe ngezinto ezinjengodaka notshani, zaziyiziwula kakhulu. Izindonga zazingenziwa ngokhuni nodaka, noma ezindaweni ezicebile, ngamatshe acishe abeziwe. Uphahla lwalumbozwe ngotshani noma ngomhlanga. Ngaphakathi kwalezi zindlu, kwakunefenisha encane: amabhentshi enziwe ngokhuni, ombhede wotshani, nezimbiza zobumba ezimbalwa noma izimbiza zokhuni. Abanye babengenabo ngisho oshimula, okudala indawo ebandayo nengenampilo, ikakhulukazi ebusika. Imindeni yayilala ndawonye endaweni eyodwa ukuze yonge ukushisa komzimba.
Ukudla
Ukudla kwabalimi kwakuyisisekelo kakhulu futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, kunganele ukukhokhela izidingo zabo zokudla okunomsoco. Imithombo eyinhloko yamandla yayikhona okusanhlamvuIzinhlamvu ezifana ne-rye, i-millet nama-oats zazisetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi babedla imifino yasezivandeni ezincane kanye nemikhiqizo efana namaqanda nobisi, nakuba kuphela lapho ikhona. inyama Inyama yayiwukunethezeka okwakufinyelelwa abalimi abambalwa kakhulu. Ngokuvamile laligcinelwa imicimbi ekhethekile njengemishado, imikhosi yezenkolo, noma ukuhlatshwa kwengulube. Esikhundleni senyama, umlimi wathola amaprotheni ezitshalweni ezinjengophizi, ubhontshisi obanzi, nodali. Isinkwa, esasimelela cishe amaphesenti angama-70 okudla kwabo, sasivame ukuba nekhwalithi ephansi. Wawenziwa ngezinhlamvu ezimpofu, futhi kwezinye izimo, kwakunezelwa amakhambi noma amagxolo esihlahla ukuze kwandiswe umthamo wawo. Abalimi baphinde baphuze ubhiya wasekhaya, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezibalulekile.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ukuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 kwakuyivelakancane phakathi kwabalimi benkathi ephakathiIzimo zokusebenza ezinzima, ukuntula ukudla okwanele, nenhlanzeko eshaqisayo kwaphumela enkathini yokuphila ephansi kakhulu. Izifo ezithathelwanayo zazivamile, zibhebhethekiswa ukuntula ulwazi lwezokwelapha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhambi angenangqondo, okuthi ezimweni eziningi, isimo sibe sibi kakhulu. Enye yezinto ezibe nomthelela omubi weminyaka ephansi yokuphila kwaba ukuntuleka inhlanzekoInhlanzeko yomuntu siqu yayilinganiselwe kakhulu, ilinganiselwe kuphela ezingxenyeni ezibonakalayo zomzimba, njengezandla nobuso. Ukwanda kwezimuncagazi, njengezintwala namazeze, kwakuyinkinga eqhubekayo. Abalimi abazange bacabangele ukuntuleka kwenhlanzeko njengenkinga, futhi esikhundleni sokugeza, bazama ukubhekana nama-parasite ngezindlela ezingavamile, njengokucasha emiphongolweni ukuze kuqedwe ukukhanya nomoya. Izifo namuhla ezingabhekwa njengezincane, njengezifo zokuphefumula noma izilonda ezingapholi kahle, zaziyisigwebo sentambo ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Odokotela babembalwa futhi ulwazi lwabo lwalungenele ngokuphelele ukwelapha izifo ezimbi.
Sebenza ensimini
Umsebenzi wokulima phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi wawunzima futhi ungashintshi. Usuku lwaqala ngovivi lwaphela ekushoneni kwelanga. Imindeni ehlwempu, okuhlanganisa abesifazane nezingane, ibambe iqhaza emisebenzini yasensimini. I amadoda Babenakekela imisebenzi enzima kakhulu, njengokulima, ukuvuna noma ukugawula izihlahla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- abesifazane Babesiza ngomsebenzi wasemapulazini, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yasekhaya nokunakekela izingane. Amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe ayengamampunge kakhulu, okwanciphisa ukukhiqizwa komsebenzi wezolimo. Ezinye izibonelo zamathuluzi asetshenziswa zazihlanganisa amageja okhuni namasikela okuvuna. Leli zinga eliphansi lobuchwepheshe libe nomthelela ebunzimeni obuqhubekayo ekuzuzeni isivuno esanele.
Izintela nezibopho
Abalimi babengagcini nje ngokuba nomsebenzi wokuzikhandla emasimini abo, kodwa futhi babekweleta izintela ezinkulu ezikhulwini naseBandleni, okwaholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwezithelo zomsebenzi wabo. Ngaphandle kokuletha izitshalo, kwakudingeka futhi enzele inkosi yenkosi imisebenzi yamahhala, njengokusebenzela ezindaweni zayo ezizimele:
- Okweshumi: intela emele ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yomkhiqizo.
- I-Corvea: umsebenzi oyisibopho okwakumelwe abalimi bawenze emasimini enkosi.
Ezokungcebeleka nemikhosi
Nakuba impilo yabalimi yayinzima kakhulu, zazikhona izikhathi ukuzilibazisa ngokuyinhloko phakathi nemikhosi yenkolo. Lezi zikhathi bekungezinye zezikhathi ezimbalwa zokuphumula, lapho abalimi bezama ukulingisa amadili amakhulu ezicukuthwane, nakuba bezivumelanisa nezindlela zabo zomnotho. Le mikhosi, njengemishado noma imikhosi yabangcwele, kwakuyimicimbi yangempela yezenhlalo ehlanganisa umculo, ukudansa, futhi, kwezinye izimo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini engajwayelekile. Kubalimi, le mikhosi iphinde ibe yindlela yokuqinisa ubuhlobo bomphakathi wabo futhi babelane ngamaqiniso abo nabanye ababephila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ezifanayo. Naphezu kobunzima nezimo zokuphila ezinzima kakhulu, Abalimi beNkathi Ephakathi bakwazi ukuqhubeka beyinsika yomphakathi wama-feudal, eshukunyiswa isidingo sokusinda nethemba lekusasa elingcono, ezimweni eziningi, elingakaze lifike.