Akungabazeki ukuthi impucuko yaseMesophothamiya iye yaba nengxenye esikweni lembulunga yonke ngendlela eyingqayizivele. Ukubaluleka kweminikelo eminingi yalo mphakathi othuthukile kube semqoka ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo eziningi zolwazi lomuntu. Ngakho-ke, ngezansi sizobuyekeza yonke iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yabantu baseMesophothamiya.
Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya
IMesopotamiya, okusho ngesiGreki Phakathi kwemifula, yabhekisela ngokucacile endaweni yayo phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Iraq nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiriya. Lokhu kuvala kwamanzi kwavumela lesi sifunda ukuba sibe esinye seziqophamlando zempucuko yabantu.
Ngomlando osukela eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-6000, impucuko yaseMesophothamiya ibe yindawo yokuzalwa kwamasiko amaningi, okuhlanganisa amaSumer, ama-Akkad, amaBhabhiloni nama-Asiriya, wonke ashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emlandweni wesintu. EMesophothamiya, amadolobha, amathempeli kanye nezinhlelo zomthetho zathuthukiswa ezazichaza izisekelo zemiphakathi yesikhathi esizayo.
Isifunda sahlukaniswa saba izindawo eziningana ezinamathonya ahlukene. Phakathi kwezigqame kakhulu kwakukhona i-Asiriya enyakatho neBabiloni eningizimu. IBhabhiloni yona yahlanganisa izifunda zaseSumeri nase-Akkadia. Ngayinye yalezi zimpucuko yanikela ngentuthuko ebalulekile, kusukela ekubhaleni kuya kusayensi yezinkanyezi, kuhlanganise nokwakhiwa kwemithetho yokuqala.
Isiko laseMesopotamiya
Ingcebo yesiko laseMesophothamiya yayihlaba umxhwele. Inhlanganisela yezinto zenkolo, ezenhlalo nezobuchwepheshe ivumele le mpucuko ukuthi idale isisekelo esiqinile esingaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwamanye amasiko. Ngezansi sizohlola eminye yale minikelo ngokujula okwengeziwe.
Ukubhala
Enye yeminikelo eyaziwa kakhulu yamaSumers ukusungulwa kokubhalwa kwe-cuneiform cishe ngo-3500 BC Ukubhala kwaqala njengendlela yezithombe zokurekhoda ukuthengiselana kwezentengiselwano, kodwa kwaguqulwa ngokushesha kwaba yindlela yokuqopha umlando, inkolo namasiko. I i-cuneiform kwakubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezinkondlo eziwumlando njenge I-Epic kaGilgamesh, omunye wemibhalo emidala kakhulu yesintu.
Leli fa lokubhala laba nomthelela kwezinye izinhlelo zokubhala ezazizothuthukiswa kamuva, njengezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zesiGreki nesiLatini, zabeka isisekelo senguquko yokuxhumana okubhaliwe emhlabeni wonke.
Ikhalenda
Ikhalenda laseMesophothamiya lingenye intuthuko ebalulekile emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ngokusekelwe ezigabeni zenyanga, izinyanga zahlukaniswa zaba izikhawu zezinsuku ezingu-30, nezinyanga ezingu-12 sezizonke, okuholele onyakeni wezinsuku ezingu-360. Nakuba linganembile ngokuphelele, leli khalenda lalivumela izazi zezinkanyezi zaseMesophothamiya ukuthi zibikezele ngokunembile izenzakalo zemvelo ezifana nokusitheka kwelanga futhi zihlele izitshalo nemikhosi.
Leli khalenda laliyisandulela samanye amakhalenda amaningi asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nekhalenda laseBhabhiloni nelaseGibhithe.
La Moneda
Isimiso sezomnotho saseMesophothamiya naso sathuthuka. Ngaphambi kokuvela kohlobo lwemali, ukushintshana kwakuyisimiso esivamile. Nokho, njengoba umphakathi uba yinkimbinkimbi futhi imisebenzi yezentengiselwano yanda, kwavela isidingo sendlela esebenza kahle yokuhwebelana. Ngakho, izinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva zaqala ukusetshenziswa ukukala inani lempahla futhi kamuva kwethulwa imali.
Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kusize ukuhwebelana kwezentengiselwano futhi kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kohwebo olukhulu phakathi kwesifunda kanye nezinye izimpucuko ezingomakhelwane.
Isondo Negeja
Ngokunokwenzeka intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eyisibonakaliso kakhulu yaseMesophothamiya kwaba ukusungulwa kwesondo cishe ngo-3500 BC Ekuqaleni lalisetshenziswa ezitsheni zobumba, isondo kamuva lasetshenziswa ezinqoleni ezidonswa yizilwane, liguqula ezokuthutha kanye nokwenza lula ukuhweba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwegeja kwenezelwa esondweni, okwavumela ezolimo ukuba zithuthuke ezindaweni ezivundile zaseMesophothamiya. Leli geja lakuqala, elalidonswa izinkabi, lavumela abalimi ukuthi balime izindawo eziningi zomhlaba, bakhulise ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo kanye nekhono lokusekela inani elikhulu labantu.
Uhlelo lwe-Sexagesimal
Abantu baseMesophothamiya baphinde banikeza umhlaba uhlelo lwe-sexagesimal, olusekelwe enombolweni engu-60. Lolu hlelo lwaluyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezibalo futhi lusasetshenziswa nanamuhla ukukala isikhathi (imizuzwana engu-60 ngomzuzu, imizuzu engu-60 ngesikhathi) nama-engeli. (amadigri angama-360 kumbuthano).
Ikhodi yeHammurabi
Enye yezinhlanganisela zokuqala neziphelele kakhulu zemithetho kwakuyi- Ikhodi yeHammurabi. Yamenyezelwa inkosi yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi cishe ngonyaka we-1754 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, le khodi yayihlanganisa imithetho engama-282 ehlanganisa zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, okuhlanganisa ukuhweba, impahla, kanye nomshado. I-Code of Hammurabi idume ngesimiso esithi “iso ngeso, izinyo ngezinyo.”
Lolu chungechunge lwemithetho lwaphawula ingqophamlando emlandweni womthetho futhi lwabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kumthetho wamanye amasiko.
I-Astrology kanye ne-Astronomy
Abantu baseMesophothamiya babekugcizelela kakhulu ukubheka izinkanyezi. Babazi ukuthi ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi nezinkanyezi kuthonya imijikelezo yemvelo futhi basebenzisa lokhu kuhlola ukuze babikezele ikusasa futhi bahlele imisebenzi yezolimo. Ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi nezinkanyezi kwakuhlobene ngokujulile, futhi nakuba namuhla kubhekwa njengesayensi ehlukene, ezikhathini zasendulo wawungekho umehluko ocacile. Lokhu kwabavumela ukuba benze amakhalenda anembile futhi babikezele izenzakalo ezifana nokufiphala kwenyanga nelanga.
Architecture kanye Ziggurat
Isici esithakazelisayo ngesiko laseMesophothamiya kwakuyizakhiwo. Abantu baseMesophothamiya bakha ngezitini zodaka futhi bakha izakhiwo ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-ziggurats, okwakungamathempeli enkolo amise okwephiramidi anamazinga amaningana. La mathempeli ayenikezelwe konkulunkulu futhi asebenza njengezikhungo zokuphatha nezenkolo.
I-Ziggurats yayingezona izakhiwo ezibukeka kahle kuphela, kodwa futhi zazifanekisela ukuxhumana phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu. Enye yeziggurat eyaziwa kakhulu yileyo yase-Uri, enikezelwe enyangeni, esamile ngokwengxenye nanamuhla.
Ukunisela Nezolimo
Njengoba iphakathi kwemifula emibili, iMesophothamiya yayithembele kakhulu kwezolimo. Abantu baseMesophothamiya bakha izinqubo zokunisela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezazibavumela ukuba bawasebenzise ngokugcwele amanzi aseTigris nase-Ewufrathe. Lezi zinhlelo zazihlanganisa imisele, amadamu namadamu ayelawula ukufika kwamanzi ezitshalweni.
Ngenxa yalentuthuko, ezolimo zaba yisisekelo somnotho waseMesophothamiya futhi zavumela le mpucuko ukuba ichume izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Leli fa laseMesophothamiya lokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe namasiko labeka isisekelo semiphakathi eminingi yakamuva. Ngaphandle kweMesophothamiya, intuthuko emikhakheni enjengokubhala, imithetho, ezolimo, nesayensi yezinkanyezi ibiyothatha indlela ehlukile noma ibambezeleke amakhulu eminyaka. Ukufaneleka kweMesophothamiya emlandweni wesintu akungabazeki futhi umthelela wayo usaqhubeka nokuzwakala emphakathini wanamuhla.