Itholakala eMelika Ephakathi naseningizimu yeMexico I-Mayan Babengenye yemiphakathi ethuthuke kakhulu futhi eyaphila isikhathi eside kakhulu emlandweni. Ngeminyaka engaphezu kuka-3.000 yomlando, amaMayans athuthukise impumelelo engakaze ibonwe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, izibalo nezobuciko. Babengabadali be uhlelo lokuqala lokubhala e-pre-Columbian America, futhi amasiko nezingubo zabo kwakubonisa ngokujulile isiko labo.
Nakuba abanye abantu behlobanisa ukunyamalala kwayo nokuwa okunobudlova, empeleni kwakuwukuphela kwezinsiza nezimpi zangaphakathi okwathi esikhathini esidlule kwenza impucuko yayo yaba buthaka. Ngo-1697, amadolobha amaningi aseMeya ayesenqotshiwe ngemva kokuhlasela kwamakoloni aseSpain. Kodwa-ke, inzalo yamaMayans isaphila amasiko abo amaningana, kuhlanganise imvunulo yesintu. Kulesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, incazelo kanye nezici zezingubo zaseMayan.
Imvelaphi yesiko lamaMeya
Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngokugcwele nezingubo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ubani I-Mayan. Nakuba kuvamile ukukholelwa ukuthi amaMeya adabuka eNingizimu Melika, empeleni, impucuko yawo yachuma ngokuyinhloko esifundeni namuhla esifana neningizimu yeMexico, iGuatemala, iBelize, iHonduras ne-El Salvador. Ukuhlaliswa kwamaMayans okuqala kuhlehlela emuva cishe kuma-900 BC
Isifunda esithathwe amaMayans sahlukaniswa saba izindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
- Izinkangala: Zisezintabeni zaseGuatemala nase-El Salvador, lezi zindawo bezivundile kancane ngakho-ke azibalulekile ngokwesiko.
- Izindawo eziphansi: Lezi zifunda, ezicebile emifuleni nasezindaweni ezivundile, zaziphumelela kakhulu futhi zanikeza amadolobha amakhulu aseMeya njengeChichen Itzá, Uxmal neTikal.
Amadolobha aseMeya achuma amakhulu eminyaka kwaze kwaba yilapho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-11, ehla ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi, ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo, nokuncintisana phakathi kwamadolobha. Nokho, i Amagugu amasiko aseMayan isaphila kuze kube namuhla, ngokwengxenye sibonga ukulondolozwa kwezakhi ezingokomfanekiso njenge izingubo zendabuko zama-mayan.
Ukufanekisa nokusebenza kwezingubo zaseMayan
La ingubo yemayan, nakuba yayifeza umsebenzi ongokoqobo, yayigcwele incazelo ejulile ezamasiko nezenkolo. Ngenxa yokuthi babehlala esimweni sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama, izingubo zazenziwe ngezinto ezilula neziphefumulayo, njengokotini. Ukwengeza umbala ezingutsheni zabo, amaMayya ayesebenzisa izingulube zemvelo etholakala ezitshalweni, amaminerali ngisho nezinambuzane, njenge-cochineal.
Izingubo zazihlukahluka kuye ngendawo, njengoba izimo zezulu zazidlala indima ebalulekile esitayeleni nasezintweni ezisetshenziswayo.
Izindawo ezifudumele
Ezindaweni eziphansi, lapho amazinga okushisa afinyelela emazingeni acindezelayo, amaMeya ayegqoka izingubo ezilula. Abesifazane bagqokile ama-huipiles, amajazi angasindi enziwe ngokotini ayevame ukufaka imifekethiso eyinkimbinkimbi nemiklamo. Amadoda asebenzisa a i-loincloth noma i-pati, okwakuwumcu wendwangu owawungena okhalweni, owawushiya umzimba wakho uvulekile ukuze kungene umoya.
Izindawo ezibandayo
Ezinkangala, lapho amazinga okushisa ayebanda khona, amaMayya ayegqoka izingubo eziwugqinsi nezingubo zokuzimboza. Ama-capes amaningi, ama-poncho nezingubo zokulala ezilukiweyo zazivumela ukuthi zimelane namakhaza, nemibala egqamile efana nobomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nophuzi kwanda kakhulu, hhayi nje njengendlela yokukhosela kodwa njengokuhlonza amasiko.
Izingubo njengophawu lwesimo senhlalo
Izingubo zaseMayan azizange zisebenze umsebenzi wezulu kuphela, kodwa futhi zazisetshenziswa njenge uphawu lokuhlukanisa emphakathini. Umehluko wezembatho wawuphawuleka phakathi kwezigaba eziphansi nezicukuthwane. Nakuba abantu abavamile babegqoka izingubo ezilula, ezingahlotshisiwe, izikhulu namalungu esigaba esiphakeme babegqoka izingubo zikanokusho, ezihlotshiswe ngezimpaphe ze-quetzal, amatshe ayigugu njenge-jade, nobucwebe bensimbi eyigugu.
Phakathi kwezinto ezivelele kakhulu zezicukuthwane yilezi:
- Hlobisa amakhanda: Izicukuthwane zazigqoka imiqhele nemihlobiso emakhanda azo, ezenziwe ngezimpaphe ze-quetzal, uphawu lwamandla nobunkulunkulu.
- Imigexo namasongo: Imigexo ye-jade neyegobolondo yayingamabheji ezinga eliphezulu, kanjalo namasongo egolide namaqakala.
- Izimbadada ezihlotshisiwe: Izimbadada zesikhumba ezimbozwe ngamatshe ayigugu zaziwuphawu lwamandla nengcebo.
Incazelo engokomoya yezingubo
KumaMeya, izingubo zokugqoka zazingeyona nje indaba yemfashini noma isimo senhlalo; futhi yayinokujula ukuqonda okungokomoya. Ngokwezinganekwane zamaMaya, unkulunkulukazi u-Ixchel, umvikeli wenyanga nokuzala, wafundisa abesifazane ubuciko bokweluka nokwenza izingubo. Ngakho-ke, isenzo sokweluka sasinezincazelo ezingcwele. Ichashaza ngalinye, yonke imiklamo nayo yonke imibala yayinencazelo engaqondakali ezenzweni zabo zenkolo.
Imibala, ikakhulukazi, yayixhumene kakhulu nezinto zenkolo:
- El obomvu Yayimelela ukuphila, umlilo negazi.
- El azul Yayifanekisela amanzi, imvula nesibhakabhaka.
- El oluhlaza Yayixhumene nemvelo, izimila kanye nonkulunkulu.
Phakathi nemikhosi nemikhuba yenkolo, amaMeya ayegqoka izingubo ezifekethisiwe eziklanywe ngokukhethekile ukuze acele ukuba khona konkulunkulu. Abapristi nezikhulu bapenda imizimba yabo ngemibala engcwele futhi bahlobisa izingubo zabo ngezimpaphe namagugu ukuze baphawule ukuxhumana kwabo noNkulunkulu.
Izinto kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza zezingubo
El ukotini Kwakuyimpahla eyinhloko eyayisetshenziswa ekwenzeni izingubo zaseMayan. Njengoba ikhulele ezindaweni eziphansi, yayiphothwa futhi yalukwa ukuze kukhiqizwe izindwangu ezithambile nezinethezekile. Enye into ebalulekile kwakuyi-henequen, umcu wezitshalo owawusetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo nezinye izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzisa isikhumba sezilwane ukwenza izimbadada nezinye izesekeli zokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke.
AmaMaya ayengochwepheshe kwezobuciko bokudaya izindwangu. Basebenzisa ububanzi obuhlukahlukene odayi bemvelo: Okubomvu kwatholakala ku-cochineal, uhlobo oluncane lwesinambuzane, kuyilapho okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwatholakala ngenxa ye-indigo, futhi okuwolintshi kwavela ku-annatto.
- I-Woodlouse: Inambuzane esetshenziselwa udayi obomvu.
- I-Indigo: Isitshalo okutholwe kuso amathoni aluhlaza.
- U-Annatto: Imbewu eyayisetshenziselwa ukuthola umbala wewolintshi.
Ukwengeza, ama-looms ayinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile asetshenziswa abesifazane, asetshenziselwa ukwakha amaphethini ahlukile ahluka phakathi kwezifunda ezahlukene zaseMayan. Isitayela namaphethini we-weave afanekisela ubunikazi bomuntu ogqokile, isimo sabo senhlalo, futhi ngokuvamile ngisho nokuhlangana kwabo nomndeni othile noma umphakathi.
Ukutholwa nokulondolozwa kwezingubo zamaMayan namuhla
Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yempucuko yamaMeya yawa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, i Isiko lama-Mayan textile Isaphila emiphakathini ehlukahlukene eGuatemala, Yucatán naseChiapas. Namuhla, abesifazane abaningi bayaqhubeka nokuluka nokugqoka uphil, ukubonakaliswa kokumelana namasiko kanye nokuziqhenya ngezimpande zabo. Izindlela zokuluka ziye zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane futhi ziyaqhubeka ziziswa ngobuhle nobunkimbinkimbi bazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izindawo, njengaseQuintana Roo, izingubo zomdabu zidlala indima ebalulekile emikhosini yenkolo yesimanje, lapho izingubo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomkhosi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izingubo zaseMeya azizange zibekezelele kuphela, kodwa ziyaqhubeka zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwenzalo yabo.
Emadolobheni anamuhla, izingubo eziningi zamaMeya ziye zashintshwa ukuze zifane nezwe lanamuhla, zixuba izinto zendabuko nezitayela zanamuhla. Ezimakethe, kokubili kwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, izindwangu zamaMaya zibhekwa njengezingcezu zobuciko eziyingqayizivele, ezigcina amagugu amasiko ephila ngokuthengisa nokuhweba.
Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, izingubo zaseMayan bezingaphezu nje kwezingubo zokugqoka. Kuye kwaba uphawu lobunikazi, ukumelana nengokomoya, futhi namuhla iyaqhubeka ibe umthombo omkhulu wokuziqhenya ngenzalo yayo.