La iseli lesilwane Ingenye yamayunithi ayisisekelo kakhulu ezidalwa eziphilayo, njengesisekelo sezicubu zezilwane. Naphezu kobukhulu balo obuncane kakhulu, ingqamuzana linesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esilivumela ukuba lenze imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Okulandelayo, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe izingxenye nemisebenzi yengqamuzana lesilwane nokubaluleka kwalo ezintweni eziphila ngamangqamuzana amaningi.
Iseli lesilwane kuthiwa luhlobo lwe iseli le-eukaryotic, okungukuthi, lawo anenucleus echazwe kahle, ezungezwe imvilophu yenuzi. Amaseli ezilwane ahluke kumaseli ezitshalo ezicini ezithile ezibalulekile, njengokungabikho kodonga lwamaseli, oluwavumela ukuba abe nokuguquguquka okukhulu nokuvumelana nezimo.
Siyini iseli lesilwane
Singachaza ifayela le- iseli lesilwane njengeyunithi eyisisekelo yohlobo lwe-eukaryotic, ebalulekile kuzidalwa zombuso we-Animalia. Lawa maseli enza imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokukhiqiza amandla nokugcina i-metabolism. Zakha izicubu, zona ezakha izitho nezinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.
Lapho amangqamuzana amaningana enza iqembu elifanayo elisebenza ndawonye, akha izicubu, futhi lezi zicubu zona, zakhe izitho eziyinkimbinkimbi. Yile nhlangano yangaphakathi yamangqamuzana evumela izidalwa ze-multicellular ukuba zenze imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi efana nokuhamba, ukugaya nokuphefumula kwamaselula.
Ukwakheka nezingxenye zeseli lesilwane
Ingqamuzana lesilwane lakhiwe izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile ezisivumela ukuba senze imisebenzi yalo ebalulekile. Ngezansi, sethula umbono oningiliziwe wezingxenye zawo eziyinhloko.
- imvilophu yeseli: futhi wabizwa ulwelwesi lwe-plasma, i-lipid bilayer ehlukanisa iseli futhi ilawule ukungena nokuphuma kwezinto. Ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe ama-phospholipids namaprotheni. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuvikela ingaphakathi leseli, ukuvumela ukushintshaniswa kwezakhi kanye nokulahla imikhiqizo ye-metabolic.
- I-Cytoplasm: I-cytoplasm iyindawo lapho ama-organelles amisiwe. Iwuketshezi lwe-gelatinous olwakhiwe ngamanzi, amaprotheni, ama-lipids, ama-carbohydrate nosawoti. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuningi okubalulekile empilweni yamangqamuzana kwenzeka lapha, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwamaprotheni kanye nokuwohloka kwama-molecule.
- I-Mitochondria: Eyaziwa ngokuthi "imboni yamandla" yeseli, i-mitochondria iguqula izakhi zibe i-ATP, okuyi-molecule yamandla eyisisekelo yemisebenzi yeselula. Ine-membrane ephindwe kabili evumela ukuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
- ILysosomes: Ama-organelle ayindilinga aqukethe ama-enzyme abhekele ukugaya kwamaselula, aphula ama-macromolecules afana namaprotheni, ama-carbohydrates namafutha. Okubizwa ngokuthi "i-autophagy" kwenzeka kuma-lysosomes, avuselela izingxenye ezingadingekile zeseli.
- Izinsiza zeGolgi: uchungechunge lwama-membrane astakiwe apakisha futhi asabalalise amaprotheni nama-lipids ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kweseli. Kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwama-enzyme namanye amaprotheni.
- I-endoplasmic reticulum: ihlukaniswe ibe bushelelezi futhi ilukhuni, lolu hlelo lwe-membrane lusebenza njengenethiwekhi yokuhlanganisa amaprotheni (uma kwenzeka i-reticulum enzima, embozwe ama-ribosomes) kanye nokukhiqiza ama-lipids kanye nokukhipha izinto ezinobuthi (uma kwenzeka i-reticulum ebushelelezi).
- AmaCentrioles: Le organelle ye-cylindrical isiza ekwakhekeni kwe-mitotic spindle ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli futhi ibalulekile ekugcineni isakhiwo seselula.
- Ama-cytoskeleton: eyakhiwe inethiwekhi yama-microfilaments kanye nama-microtubules ahlinzeka ngokusekela kwesakhiwo kuseli futhi enze kube lula ukuhamba kwezingxenye zayo zangaphakathi.
- Isibindi: Iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yengqamuzana lesilwane ngoba igcina izakhi zofuzo (DNA). I-nucleus izungezwe imvilophu yenuzi, elawula ukuthi yimaphi ama-molecule angangena futhi aphume. Ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus kune-nucleolus, eyenza ama-ribosomes, ne-chromatin, eyakhiwe i-DNA namaprotheni asonga i-DNA ukuze akhe ama-chromosomes ngesikhathi sokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana.
- Ama-Peroxisomes: Lawa ma-organelles akhipha ama-fatty acids futhi aqede i-hydrogen peroxide, into enobuthi engqamuzaneni.
Izinhlobo zamaseli ezilwane
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamangqamuzana emzimbeni wesilwane, futhi ngalinye likhethekile ukuze lifeze injongo ethile. Ngezansi kukhona izibonelo eziphawulekayo.
- Amaseli egazi: amangqamuzana abomvu egazi Bahambisa umoya-mpilo ezicutshini futhi bakhiphe isikhutha. I amaseli amhlophe egaziNgakolunye uhlangothi, zivikela umzimba ngokulwa nezifo kanye namagciwane.
- Amaseli emisipha: Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: amangqamuzana emisipha yamathambo, anamathela emathanjeni futhi avumele ukunyakaza kokuzithandela; amangqamuzana emisipha abushelelezi, alawula ukunyakaza okungahleliwe; namaseli emisipha yenhliziyo, anesibopho sokumpompa igazi.
- Amaseli ezinzwa: Aziwa nangokuthi ama-neurons, lawa maseli ayisipesheli adlulisela amasignali kagesi kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, avumela ukusebenzisana kwezimoto nezinzwa.
- Amaseli e-Epithelial: Lawa maseli akha izingqimba ezingaphandle zomzimba nezitho, ahlinzeke ngokuvikeleka futhi alawule ukushintshana kwezinto.
Umehluko phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane nezitshalo
Nakuba kokubili amangqamuzana ezilwane nezitshalo angamangqamuzana e-eukaryotic, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu okubili.
- Udonga lweseli: Amaseli ezitshalo anodonga oluqinile olwakhiwe i-cellulose, kuyilapho amangqamuzana ezilwane engenalo udonga lwamaseli, okuwavumela ukuba abe nokuguquguquka okukhulu ekubunjweni kwawo.
- Ama-chloroplast: Ama-Chloroplast atholakala kumaseli ezitshalo futhi anesibopho se-photosynthesis; Amaseli ezilwane awanawo lesi sakhiwo.
- AmaCentrioles: Akhona kumaseli ezilwane futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaneni kwamaseli; emangqamuzaneni ezitshalo ngokuvamile abekho.
- vacuoles: Amangqamuzana ezilwane anama-vacuole amancane, amaningi, kuyilapho amangqamuzana ezitshalo ngokuvamile ane-vacuole eyodwa enkulu egcina amanzi nezinye izakhi.
Eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile yengqamuzana lesilwane
Amangqamuzana ezilwane awagcini nje ngokuba nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi enza imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphila kwento ephilayo.
- Ukuphefumula kwamaselula: I-mitochondria inesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla nge-oxidation ye-glucose ukuze ihlanganise i-ATP.
- ukuzivikela komzimba: Amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi anamandla okuhlonza nokubhubhisa amagciwane.
- Ukwahlukanisa amaseli: Nge-mitosis, amaseli ezilwane ayahlukana akhe amaseli amasha, abalulekile ekukhuleni, ekulungiseni nasekuzaleni.
Sengiphetha, ingqamuzana lesilwane libalulekile ekuphileni njengoba silazi. Isakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nemisebenzi eminingi ivumela ukusinda kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi, futhi ingxenye ngayinye yayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphelele komzimba. Ukwenza kahle ukusebenza kwayo nokuhleleka kwayo kubalulekile kukho kokubili isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nesayensi yezokwelapha, njengoba kusiza ukuqonda yonke into kusukela ezinqubweni eziyisisekelo kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo.