El Ephakathi EphakathiNjengoba wazi kahle, isifunda esiyindida kakhulu futhi kuvela ukuthi siyindawo egcwele umlando namasiko amaningi. Indawo yayo eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-Asia Minor), nayo ehlanganisa ingxenye yenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, idale ingxubevange yamasiko ngenxa yokuxhumana phakathi kwawo womabili amazwekazi. Lokhu kudale ingxubevange ethokozisayo yamasiko, amasiko, izilimi nezilimi ezintsha ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi asikunaki.
Isingeniso sokuhlukahluka kwezilimi zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi
Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu ze Ephakathi Ephakathi Kuyinhlanganisela ecebile yezilimi ezikhulunywa lapho, ifa lesifunda esinomlando ohlukahlukene esithuthukisa imindeni yezilimi ehlukahlukene. Izilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu zihlanganisa izilimi zomndeni Semitic, Indo-European, Altaic and Afroasiatic. Singathola zonke izinhlobo imindeni yezilimi eMiddle Eastokuhlanganisa i-Indo-European, Afroasiatic, kanye nezilimi ezibizwa nge-Altaic (okukhona cishe kwezingama-60), zihlukaniswe izigaba ezingaphansi ezahlukene. Esinye sezigigaba okufanele kukhulunywe ngaso ukuduka kwe Ulimi lwesi-Arabhu. Nakuba kungelona lodwa ulimi kulesi sifunda, ithonya lalo lamasiko nenkolo alinakuphikiswa ngenxa yendima yesi-Arabhu njengolimi lweKoran. Ulimi lwesi-Arabhu lukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 futhi luwulimi olusemthethweni emazweni angaphezu kuka-20, kodwa okuthakazelisayo ukuhlukahluka kwezilimi zesigodi okuthuthuke kuso sonke isifunda.
Imindeni yezilimi evelele eMpumalanga Ephakathi
Isimo sezilimi saseMpumalanga Ephakathi sakhiwe imindeni yezilimi eziningana, ebonisa umlando wamasiko onothile wesifunda. Ngezansi, sichaza imindeni eyinhloko nezilimi zayo ezimele kakhulu:
- umndeni wama-semitic: Isi-Arabhu, isiHebheru nesi-Aramaic ngezalo mndeni. Isi-Arabhu siwulimi oluhamba phambili emazweni amaningi aseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kuyilapho isiHebheru siwulimi olusemthethweni kwa-Israyeli. Isi-Aramu, nakuba sisengozini, sisakhulunywa emiphakathini ethile emincane.
- Umndeni wase-Indo-European: Kufaka phakathi izilimi ezifana nesiPheresiya (isiFarsi), isiKurdish nesi-Armenian. IsiPheresiya sikhulunywa kakhulu e-Iran, kanti isiKurdish, olunye ulimi olubalulekile, sisetshenziswa abantu baseKurdish emazweni amaningana.
- Umndeni wama-Altaic: Izilimi ezifana nesiTurkey nesi-Azeri ngezalo mndeni. IsiTurkey, ulimi olusemthethweni lwaseTürkiye, lunomthelela omkhulu wamasiko esifundeni ngenxa yomlando woMbuso Wase-Ottoman.
Isi-Arabhu: Isizinda nomthelela
El i-arabic Akungabazeki ukuthi ingolunye lwezilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu emhlabeni futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwazisweni kwamasiko nangokwenkolo kwe-Middle East. Isi-Arabhu sikhulunywa emazweni angaba ngu-26, futhi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 basibheka njengolimi lwabo lwebele. I-Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) inguqulo efundiswa ezikoleni futhi esetshenziswa kwabezindaba, kuyilapho ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, abantu bexhumana ngezilimi zabo zesigodi ezihlukene, ezingahluka kakhulu. Ukuhlukahluka kwezilimi zesi-Arabhu Kungesinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zalolu limi. Izwe ngalinye, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izifunda ezihlukene ezweni elifanayo, linenguqulo yalo ehlukile yesi-Arabhu esivamile. Ezinye zezilimi zesigodi zesi-Arabhu ezibaluleke kakhulu yi-Egypt, Levantine, Iraqi kanye nesiMaghrebi.
I-Persian kanye nefa layo lomlando
El Ulimi lwesiPheresiya, eyaziwa nangokuthi isiFarsi, iwulimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu e-Iran, Afghanistan, nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeTajikistan. Luwulimi lwase-Indo-European futhi lunomlando ocebile wezincwadi ohlanganisa izibalo ezifana nezimbongi u-Hafez, uRumi noFerdowsi, imisebenzi yabo ibe nomthelela ezincwadini zomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwesiFarsi, isiDari nesiTajik yizinhlobonhlobo zesiPheresiya ezikhulunywa e-Afghanistan naseTajikistan, ngokulandelana.
Ezinye izilimi ezibalulekile esifundeni
Ngaphandle kwezilimi zesi-Arabhu nesiPheresiya, ezinye izilimi ezibalulekile zikhulunywa eMpumalanga Ephakathi:
- Isi-Kurdish: Ulimi lwesi-Indo-European olukhulunywa eTürkiye, Iran, Iraq, naseSyria. Ulimi lwabantu baseKurdish, isizwe esingenaso esaso isimo.
- I-Turco: Ulimi olusemthethweni lwesiTürkiye, olususelwa emndenini wama-Altaic. I-Turkish Turkics yokuphatha kanye nemikhuba yamasiko kuwo wonke uMbuso Wase-Ottoman.
- IsiHebheru: Lolu limi lunomlando weminyaka eyinkulungwane futhi lwaqala kabusha namuhla lapho luba ulimi olusemthethweni esifundazweni sakwa-Israyeli ngo-1948. Njengamanje, lukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-9.
Izilimi ezincane nezisengozini
Ngaphezu kwezilimi ezihamba phambili, i-Middle East iyikhaya lezilimi ezimbalwa ezimbalwa eziye zasinda naphezu kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nokulandelwa kwamasiko. Ezinye zalezi zilimi zisengozini futhi zidinga imizamo ebalulekile yokulondoloza.
- Isi-Aramu: Lolu limi lwasendulo lwamaSemite, olunomlando osukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lusakhulunywa emiphakathini emincane yaseSiriya naseTürkiye.
- Wase-Asiriya: Okuhlukile kwesi-Aramu, esibuye sikhulunywe imiphakathi emincane yamaKrestu e-Iraq.
- I-Circassian: Kukhulunywa abantu abambalwa, ikakhulukazi eSyria naseJordani.
Lezi zilimi zifakaza ngomlando ocebile nomkhulu wesifunda kanye namandla aso okugcina amagugu aso naphezu kwezinselelo zesimanje. Ekugcineni, i Ephakathi Ephakathi Kuyisifunda lapho izilimi zingagcini nje ngokubumba ubunjalo babantu, kodwa futhi nezimpilo zabo zansuku zonke, izinkolo namasiko. Ukwehlukahlukana kwezilimi zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi kuyaqhubeka nokuba isipho esengeza ukubaluleka kumasiko omhlaba. Ulimi ngalunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lukhulunywa kabanzi njengesi-Arabhu, noma olunye olusengozini yokushabalala njengesi-Aramu, luxoxa indaba yabantu bakhona kanye nomzabalazo wabo wokugcina ifa lasendulo liphila.