I-ecosystem yi-a uhlelo lwebhayoloji eyakhiwe iqoqo lezidalwa eziphilayo ezisebenzelana zodwa kanye nendawo engokwemvelo ezihlala kuyo. Izidalwa eziphilayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyizitshalo noma izilwane, zakha ubuhlobo obuningi phakathi kwazo, kungaba phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukene noma phakathi kwabantu bohlobo olulodwa. Lokhu kusebenzisana kubalulekile ekulinganiseni nasekuphileni kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto eziphilayo zidinga indawo yokuhlala, ebizwa ngokuthi indawo yazo noma indawo ezizungezile. Indawo okuhlala kuyo izidalwa eziphilayo nayo ingabizwa nge-biome noma i-biotope. Lokhu kubonisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlelo zemvelo emhlabeni wonke, ngayinye inikezwe izici zayo zezitshalo nezilwane, ngokuvamile ezinqunywa izici ezifana ne-topography noma izimo zezulu.
Kulesi sihloko, sizongena kokuhlukile izinhlobo zemvelo nasezicini ezihlukile ezichaza ngayinye yazo. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe, qhubeka ufunda njengoba sihlola izici ezithakazelisayo zokuhlukahluka kwemvelo nokucushwa kwayo.
Izimiso zemvelo zomhlaba
I-Los Imvelo yasemhlabeni Yilawo akhula phezu komhlaba. Kulolu hlobo lwendawo yokuhlala, izinto eziphilayo zixhumana ngokuqondile nezingxenye ze-abiotic zenhlabathi nomoya. Kuleli zinga, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nemvelo kubonakala kakhulu futhi kuhlukahlukene. Igama elithi "biosphere" lichaza ingxenye yeplanethi lapho ukuphila kukhula khona, okuhlanganisa kokubili inhlabathi nomhlabathi ongaphansi. Izici zalolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem zikhula ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibalulekile njengomswakama, izinga lokushisa, ukuphakama kanye nobubanzi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu okuguquguqukayo okune kuzonquma ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kanye nokusebenzisana ku-ecosystem ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, ezifundeni lapho amazinga okushisa esezingeni elipholile nenemvula eningi, kuvamile ukuthola izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane. Ama-ecosystem achuma ezindaweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama, njengamahlathi emvula, aziwa ngokuhlukahluka kwawo okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwemvelo. Ngokuphambene, izindawo ezinemvula ephansi kanye nezinga lokushisa elibi kakhulu, njengezingwadule nama-tundra, zinempilo elinganiselwe eguqulelwe ezimweni ezithile.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingaphansi ze-terrestrial ecosystem, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
- Imvelo yehlathi: Amahlathi namahlathi amele imvelo enobuningi bezihlahla, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinothile kanye nemijikelezo yezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi.
- I-ecosystems enotshani: Ezaziwa ngokuthi izizinda ezinotshani, ama-savanna noma amathafa, zigqama ngokuba khona kotshani obuningi kanye nokuvumelana kwazo nezinguquko zesizini.
- Izingwadule: Izimo ezome kakhulu, izitshalo nezilwane ezijwayela ubugwadule.
Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo ze-ecosystem yasemhlabeni amahlathi emvula ashisayo, anezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingenakuqhathaniswa, amahlathi apholile, kanye ne-tundra ecosystem, lapho ubulembu bugcwele khona. Njengoba i-altitude noma i-latitude ikhula, ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nokuminyana kwezimila kuncipha, okuholela ekuncipheni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Imvelo yasolwandle
I-Los Imvelo yasolwandle Zihlanganisa u-70% wendawo yonke yeplanethi, okwenza kube uhlobo olubanzi kakhulu lwe-ecosystem. Ulwandle luqukethe izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo, kusukela ezinambuzaneni ezincane kuya ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezinjengemikhomo. Kule ndawo, ukuphila kuxhomeke ekukhanyeni kwelanga okufinyelela engxenyeni engenhla yolwandle, lapho ulwelwe ne-phytoplankton kunendima ebalulekile emijikelezweni yezakhi, kunikeze ukudla kwenqwaba yezinto eziphilayo.
Ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem yasolwandle kunezinhlobo ezincane ezihlukene:
- Izixhobo zamakhorali: Lezi zindawo zemvelo ezaziwa ngokuhlukahluka kwazo okuphezulu kwemvelo ziyizindawo ezishisayo zangempela zezilwane zasolwandle futhi ziyikhaya lamakhulu ezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla kanye nezixhobo zamakhorali.
- Imisele yolwandle: Izindawo ezijulile zasolwandle lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungangeni khona. Ukuphila lapha kusungule ukujwayela okuyingqayizivele ukuze kuphile ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zengcindezi nobumnyama.
- Izizalo zemifula: Izifunda lapho kuhlangana khona amanzi ahlanzekile emifuleni namanzi anosawoti aphuma olwandle, okwenza izindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile zezilwane zasolwandle nezinyoni ezifudukayo.
Kulezi zindawo ezingaphansi kwe-ecosystem, azikho nje kuphela izinto eziphilayo ezincike ngokuqondile ezicini zamanzi, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo ezijwayele izimo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu zosawoti kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ezindaweni eziseduze nogu, njengemihlume namaxhaphozi, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini nasemhlabeni kunikeza isiphephelo esibalulekile sezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane.
Imvelo yamanzi angenasawoti
Imvelo yamanzi ahlanzekile ihlanganisa amachibi, imifula, amachibi kanye nemifudlana, ephinde ihlukaniswe yaba ama-lentic (amanzi asekhona) kanye nezinhlelo ze-lotic (amanzi agelezayo). Naphezu kokumboza ingxenye encane yeplanethi uma kuqhathaniswa nemvelo yasolwandle, ibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, njengoba iyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezinomgogodla nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezitshalo zasemanzini ezijwayele lezi zindawo.
Ngaphakathi kwemvelo yamanzi ahlanzekile kunezigaba eziningana:
- Amasistimu we-Lentic: Amachibi namachibi lapho amanzi ehamba kancane.
- Amasistimu we-Lotic: Imifula nemifudlana, lapho amanzi egeleza khona ngokushesha enze imisinga.
- Amaxhaphozi: Isimiso semvelo esigcwele amanzi isikhathi eside, njengamaxhaphozi namaxhaphozi, anikeza isiphephelo esibalulekile sezilwane eziningi zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni.
Lezi zimiso zemvelo zibalulekile ezinyonini ezifudukayo, njengoba eziningi zisebenzisa izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ukuze ziphumule futhi zidle phakathi nohambo lwazo lokufuduka. Ukwengeza, izinhlelo zamanzi ahlanzekile ziyikhaya lezinhlobo zezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, njenge-catfish ne-sturgeon emifuleni yaseYurophu nase-Asia.
Imvelo yasogwadule
En los imvelo yasogwadule, imvula iphansi kakhulu futhi izinga lokushisa livame ukuba ngokwedlulele, ukushisa emini namakhaza ebusuku. Izitshalo nezilwane kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo zilinganiselwe, futhi izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kulezi zindawo zenze izinguquko ezithile ukuze ziphile.
Izingwadule zingahlukaniswa zibe:
- Izingwadule ezishisayo: Amazinga okushisa aphezulu emini, njengeSahara noma i-Sonoran Desert.
- Izingwadule ezibandayo: Izindawo ezinamazinga okushisa abandayo isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, njengezingwadule zaseMongolia.
Izinhlobo ezihlala ogwadule zincike ekutholakaleni okuncane kwamanzi, futhi i-cacti kanye nezihlahlana ezinamahlamvu amancane ezinye zezitshalo ezibusa lezi zindawo zemvelo. Ngokuqondene nezilwane, sithola izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni ezithile nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane eziye zakha izindlela ezimangalisayo zokusinda.
Isimo semvelo sezintaba
I-ecosystem yezintaba inqunywa ukukhululeka kanye nokwehluka okukhulu kokuphakama. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyehla njengoba sikhuphuka, njengoba umoya-mpilo uncipha namazinga okushisa ehla, okudala indawo enzima kakhulu yokuphila.
Nokho, ezisekelweni zezintaba, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zicebile. Lapha sithola izinhlobo ezinjengama-chamois, izimpisi, amanqe nezinkozi. Lezi zilwane ziye zaba namakhono ayingqayizivele okuhamba ezindaweni ezimazombezombe nasezindaweni eziphakeme.
Isimo semvelo sehlathi
Imvelo yasehlathini ibonakala ngokuba nezihlahla eziningi nezimila. Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zicebe kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, izilwane kanye nama-microorganisms ezihlala kuwo. Ukwengeza, zibalulekile ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zemvelo yehlathi, phakathi kwazo sigqamisa:
- Amahlathi: Amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo anezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nenani elikhulu lemvula.
- Amahlathi apholile: Amahlathi atholakala ezindaweni ezinezikhathi zonyaka ezichaziwe.
- I-Taiga: Amahlathi e-Coniferous atholakala ezindaweni ezibandayo emhlabeni.
I-ecosystem yehlathi idlala indima ebalulekile njengesiphephelo sezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, futhi iyiphuzu elibalulekile lokulawula umjikelezo wamanzi nokunciphisa isikhutha emkhathini.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ecosystem ziyahlukaniswa futhi zichazwe ngokwendawo, isimo sezulu kanye nezici zebhayoloji. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalezi zindawo zokuhlala zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwebhalansi yemvelo yomhlaba wonke. Ngokuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ecosystem, singaba nombono womhlaba wonke ngokubaluleka kokongiwa kwazo kanye nokuhlangana kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu.