I-Mexico inenhlanhla yokuba yisizinda samasiko amaningi angaphambi kwe-Hispanic, njenge olmec, the I-Mayan kanye nama-inca. Nokho, i impucuko yama-aztec, noma i-Mexica, igqama ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthakasela kanye nefa. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, isiko layo futhi, ikakhulukazi, izinganekwane zayo ziye zakha isithakazelo esijulile emhlabeni wonke, futhi namuhla, onkulunkulu bama-azteki Bayaqhubeka nokuthatha umcabango wabaningi.
Kuma-Aztec, onkulunkulu babehlobene eduze nezakhi zemvelo nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngamunye wabo wayenendima okufanele ayifeze ekulinganiseni umhlaba, futhi ukulondoloza ukuxhumana nalaba nkulunkulu kwakubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe isiphithiphithi. Okulandelayo, sizohlola ngokujulile okuyinhloko onkulunkulu yezinganekwane zama-Aztec, kanye nokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwethonya layo empilweni namasiko e-Mexica.
Onkulunkulu bama-Aztec
Kuma-Aztec, umhlaba, imvelo kanye nabantu babebuswa onkulunkulu abangenakubalwa, abamandla abo asukela empini kuya kwezolimo, izinkanyezi nokufa. Ibhalansi ye-cosmic incike kulezi zinhlangano, ngakho Kwakubalulekile ukwenza iminikelo nemihlatshelo ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kwendawo yonke. Kukhona onkulunkulu abaxhumene nezulu nomhlaba ongaphansi, kanye nomhlaba kanye nezimo zemvelo.
Onkulunkulu basezulwini
- I-Quetzalcoatl: Eyaziwa nangokuthi Inyoka Enezimpiko, ungomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu kuma-Aztec kanye nezinganekwane zangaphambi kwe-Columbian ngokujwayelekile. I-Quetzalcoatl ifanekisela impilo, ulwazi, futhi ingumvikeli wemimoya.. Utuswa ngokudala abantu, futhi wayehlonishwa njengonkulunkulu wolwazi nempucuko. Ngokwezinye izinganekwane, umfanekiso wakhe uhlotshaniswa nesikankulunkulu Ehecatl, unkulunkulu womoya.
- I-Tezcatlipoca: Eyaziwa ngokuthi "Isibuko Sokubhema", ungomunye wonkulunkulu abadalwe ngu-Ometeotl, futhi uhlotshaniswa nobusuku, ukuhlinzeka kanye nesiphetho. U-Tezcatlipoca ungunkulunkulu ovikelayo wamaqhawe amancane kanye nenkosi yesibhakabhaka ebusuku. Uvezwe ngesibuko se-obsidian onyaweni lwakhe lwesobunxele, asisebenzisayo ukubuka zonke izenzo zomuntu.
- I-Huitzilopochtli: ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Left-Handed Hummingbird", ungunkulunkulu welanga nempi. Wayengunkulunkulu wama-Aztec ohlonishwa kakhulu futhi inkolo yakhe yayihilela imihlatshelo yabantu, njengoba ayekholelwa ukuthi kumelwe ondliwe ngezinhliziyo zabantu ukuze ilanga liqhubeke nohambo lwalo esibhakabhakeni.
Onkulunkulu bomhlaba
- I-Tlaloc: unkulunkulu wemvula, wenzalo nombani. Wacelwa ukuthi aqinisekise isivuno esihle futhi wayengomunye wonkulunkulu abadala kunabo bonke emlandweni waseMesoamerican, ohlonishwa yiwo womabili ama-Aztec namanye amasiko afana namaTeotihuacan.
- I-Xipe Totec: Waziwa ngokuthi "iNkosi Yethu Enesikhumba", ungunkulunkulu wentwasahlobo, wenzalo kanye nokuvuselela. Inkolo yabo yayihilela amasiko lapho amaqhawe nabapristi babethwala isikhumba esinesikhumba esimhlophe seziboshwa ezihlatshiwe, esifanekisela ukuzalwa kabusha kwemvelo ngemva kokufa nobusika.
- otontecuhtli: unkulunkulu womlilo, ophethe ukugcina ibhalansi phakathi komlilo obhubhisayo nomlilo ovuselelayo. Lo nkulunkulu wahlonishwa ukuvimbela imililo engalawuleki.
- UTlazolteotl: "Unkulunkulukazi Odla Ukungcola" uyisithombe esikabili, njengoba futhi engunkulunkulukazi wothando, injabulo yenyama nenkanuko, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, Ungunkulunkulukazi ohlanza izono ezenziwe yilezi zenzo.
Ngabe benze imihlatshelo yabantu?
Enye yezindaba ezaziwa kakhulu (nezimpikiswano) mayelana nama-Aztec umkhuba wawo wokwenza imihlatshelo yabantu. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi kweminye imicikilisho babeyenza imihlatshelo, kufanele kucaciswe nokuthi imihlatshelo yabantu yayingagcini nje esikweni lama-Aztec. Imihlatshelo yenziwa emasikweni amaningi aseMesoamerican njenge ukunikela konkulunkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezwe. Ama-Aztec ayekholelwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwale mihlatshelo, ibhalansi yendawo yonke yayiyophuka futhi ngayo, indawo yonke yayiyophela.
Ama-Aztec ayenza imihlatshelo ukuze ondle, ikakhulukazi, uHuitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu welanga nempi, owayedinga le mihlatshelo ukuze anqobe inyanga nezinkanyezi nsuku zonke. Okukodwa kwe Izintaba ezaziwa kakhulu lapho le mihlatshelo yenziwa khona kwakuyiNtaba iHuixachtépetl., futhi ukuzidela kwaba namandla ezikhathini ezibalulekile njengokuphela kwemijikelezo yeminyaka engu-52.
Umlando wesiko lama-Aztec
Ama-Aztec, aziwa nangokuthi ama-Mexicas, ayengama- impucuko eyavela ekhulwini le-14 futhi ahlanganiswa njengombuso omkhulu kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-1325, lapho nje kufika abanqobi baseSpain. Inhloko-dolobha yayo kwakuyiTenochtitlán, idolobha elihlaba umxhwele elasungulwa ngo-XNUMX esiqhingini esiseLake Texcoco, futhi elalizoba isikhungo sezepolitiki namasiko saseMesoamerica.
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zomlando wama-Aztec ukuthi, naphezu kokuba ekuqaleni babengabantu abayimizulane, babazi ukuthi bangazuza kanjani ngezinzuzo zendawo yaseTenochtitlán ukuthuthukisa isiko eliyinkimbinkimbi nelicebile. Ngokwenganekwane, ukusungulwa komuzi wabo kwenzeka lapho onkulunkulu babo bebayala ukuba bafune uphawu: ukhozi oludla inyoka ehlezi phezu komdolofiya. Lolu phawu luyoba ukhiye ekuhlonzeni indawo lapho okufanele bahlale khona.
Lesi senzakalo esiyinganekwane simelwe efulegini lamanje laseMexico, futhi siwukubonakaliswa okucacile kokubaluleka onkulunkulu neziprofetho ababenakho ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwama-Aztec.
Umphakathi wama-Aztec
Umphakathi wama-Aztec wawuhlukaniswe waba izingqimba eziningana ezilandelanayo. Phezulu kwakuyi- hayi kancane noma umbusi, owayengumbusi omkhulu kunabo bonke. Bamlandela abaholi benkolo, izikhulu zempi nezikhulu. Laba balingisi babenethonya elikhulu njengababusi namajaji ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngezansi kwabo kwakukhona abathengisi abangochwepheshe namaqhawe, ababelawula ezohwebo futhi basiza ukugcina isakhiwo senhlalo silingana.
Ingxenye enkulu yabantu yayizinikezele kwezolimo, futhi ekugcineni, phansi kwephiramidi yezenhlalakahle kwakuyizigqila, ngokuvamile ezaziyiziboshwa zempi, izigebengu noma abantu abangakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo. Izigqila zazingazalwa ziyizigqila, kodwa zazingathengiswa uma zenze ubugebengu noma ziwela ehlazweni.
Impumelelo yama-Aztec
Ama-Aztec akwazi ukuthuthukisa a impucuko ethuthuke kakhulu ezicini eziningana. Ngezansi, sigqamisa ezinye zezimpumelelo zakhe eziphawuleka kakhulu:
- Inethiwekhi yokuhweba enkulu: Ama-Aztec adale uhlelo olubanzi lokuhweba oluhlanganisa indawo ebanzi ye-Mesoamerica, athuthukisa umnotho wawo futhi andisa ithonya lawo kwamanye amasiko.
- ubunjiniyela bezolimo: Bathuthukisa izinhlelo zezolimo ezithuthukisiwe, njenge imvuse, iziqhingi zokwenziwa ezakhelwe ukulinywa emachibini. Lolu hlelo lwabavumela ukuthi bakhulise ukukhiqizwa kokudla.
- Izakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele: Ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli, izigodlo namaphiramidi kuwubufakazi bomthamo omkhulu wezakhiwo. Ezinye zalezi zikhumbuzo zisekhona., njengeMeya yeTemplo eMexico City.
- Isayensi yezinkanyezi: Ama-Aztec ayengochwepheshe besayensi yezinkanyezi futhi enza elinye lamakhalenda anembe kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo. Nakuba bengalusungulanga lolu hlelo, Bamukela ikhalenda ye-Olmec, ukuyivumelanisa nezidingo zakho.
Akukhona nje ukuthi ama-Aztec ashiya ifa elihlala njalo ngokwenkolo nezakhiwo, kodwa lawo uhlelo lwenhlangano yezenhlalo nezinkolelo zenkolo Bayaqhubeka nokufundwa futhi nomthelela amasiko esifundeni kuze kube namuhla.
Ukufundwa kwezinganekwane zabo kusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono umbono wabo wendawo yonke nokuthi bakucebisa kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko eMesoamerica kuwo wonke umlando wayo.