El ubuciko be-baroque Waziwa ngokujabula, idrama kanye nekhono lokuvusa imizwa enamandla. Evela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 ekuphenduleni i-Renaissance, i-Baroque isitayela esibonakala ngobunkimbinkimbi bezinhlobo zayo, ukusetshenziswa komehluko phakathi kokukhanya nesithunzi kanye nokumelela ukunyakaza okuyihaba nokushubile.
Lesi sitayela asibonakali kuphela ekudwebeni, kodwa futhi ekudwebeni, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nomculo, okuhlanganisa inkathi yomlando eyanwetshwa kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. I-Baroque, ingxenye enkulu, yayiyimpendulo ezingxabanweni zenkolo yangaleso sikhathi, njenge-Counter-Reformation, nesidingo seSonto LamaKatolika sokudlulisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya okujulile.
Izici zobuciko be-baroque
I-Baroque ihlukaniswa ngochungechunge lwezimpawu eziyenza ihluke uma iqhathaniswa nokunyakaza kwangaphambilini njengeRenaissance noma iMannerism. Ezinye zezici zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- I-Dynamism ne-tension: Umuzwa wokunyakaza namandla kuphakathi kobuciko be-Baroque. Emidwebeni, isibonelo, izingoma ze-asymmetrical kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-diagonals kudala umuzwa wamandla angapheli.
- I-Chiaroscuro: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-chiaroscuro, inqubo edlala ngokungafani kokukhanya nesithunzi, iyisisekelo emisebenzini ye-baroque. Lo mshini omangalisayo wandisa ukuba ngokoqobo futhi ugxilisa ukunaka ezindaweni ezithile zokuqamba.
- Ukujabula okuhlobisa: Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nasekubazeni, i-Baroque ibonakala ngokuhlobisa okwedlulele nokunemininingwane, enezici ezinjengamakholomu kaSolomoni kanye nama-facade ahlotshiswe kakhulu.
- Ukumelwa kwemizwa eyeqisayo: Imisebenzi ye-Baroque yayingafuni nje ukucatshangelwa, kodwa isipiliyoni. Imizwelo, engokomoya nesemhlabeni, ikhonjiswa ngendlela eyihaba nemangalisayo.
I-Chiaroscuro kanye ne-tenebrism
I-Chiaroscuro ne-tenebrism yizindlela ezibonakala kakhulu zobuciko be-baroque, ikakhulukazi ekudwebeni. I-Chiaroscuro ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kokugqama kokukhanya nesithunzi ukuze kudale umphumela wezinhlangothi ezintathu nomkhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-tenebrism, eyaduma umdwebi ongumNtaliyane uCaravaggio, ithatha lesi sisetshenziswa ngokwedlulele, ngokuhlukana okunamandla phakathi kwezindawo ezikhanyisiwe nezimnyama, kanye nezibalo ezibonakala zivela ebumnyameni. Lesi sitayela sasisetshenziswa kakhulu ukugcizelela idrama ezigcawini zezenkolo nezezinganekwane.
Ukunyakaza kanye nethiyetha
Umqondo wokunyakaza ubalulekile ku-baroque. Lokhu akufinyelelwa kuphela ngemigqa ye-wavy kanye nokubunjwa kwezakhiwo kanye nokubazwa, kodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa ama-diagonal ekudwebeni, okudala umuzwa wokungezwani nokushintsha njalo. Le midlalo yaseshashalazini ihehe ababukeli, yadala umuzwa othinta inhliziyo.
Abadwebi be-Baroque basebenzisa lezi zindlela ukuze bagcizelele izikhathi ezimangalisa kakhulu ezigcawini zabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakuyizehlakalo zenkolo, izinganekwane noma zomlando.
Abameleli abavelele bobuciko be-baroque
Phakathi kwabaculi abavelele beBaroque kukhona amagama adumile anjengoGian Lorenzo Bernini noCaravaggio e-Italy, uPeter Paul Rubens eFlanders, noDiego Velázquez eSpain. Ngayinye yalaba baculi inikele ngokuhlukile ekuthuthukisweni kwesitayela se-Baroque emikhakheni yabo eyahlukene.
U-Giovanni Battista Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
UBernini wayengomunye wabaculi abanethonya kakhulu baseBaroque, odume ngomsebenzi wakhe ekudwebeni nasekudwebeni kwezakhiwo. Wayaziwa ngekhono lakhe lokuqopha imabula futhi alenze libonakale linokwakheka okuthambile nokuguquguqukayo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ephawuleka kakhulu yile I-Baldachin futhi i Isikwele iSt eVatican, kanye nesithombe esiqoshiwe esidumile se Ukuthokoza kukaSanta Teresa.
UFrancesco Borromini (1599-1667)
Umncintiswano futhi owayephila ngesikhathi sikaBernini, u-Borromini wayengumakhi wezakhiwo owethula amafomu ayingozi kanye nawokuqala ekwakhiweni kwakhe. Amaphrojekthi akhe abaluleke kakhulu afaka San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane eRoma futhi Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza. I-Borromini yasebenzisa izimo zejometri eziyinkimbinkimbi nemidlalo yokukhanya ukuze idale izindawo zezakhiwo ezibonakala zihamba futhi zishintsha, isici esivamile se-Baroque.
I-Caravaggio (1571-1610)
Umdwebi wase-Italy uCaravaggio waziwa ngesitayela sakhe se-tenebrist, esibe nomthelela omkhulu ekudwebeni kweBaroque. Imidwebo yakhe yezenkolo neyenganekwane, njenge Ubizo lukaMathewu oNgcwele y umhlatshelo ka-Isaka, yethula ukusetshenziswa kobuciko kwe-chiaroscuro nokumelwa kwezibalo zomuntu ezigcwele amaqiniso nomuzwa.
U-Diego Velázquez (1599-1660)
UVelázquez wayengomunye wabadwebi abakhulu be-Spanish Golden Age kanye ne-Baroque jikelele. Umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko odlula konke Las Meninas iyisibonelo esiyisakhiwo sodumo sekhono lika-Velázquez lokudala umuzwa wokujula nokuba namaqiniso ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya nombono. Umdwebi waseSevillian naye wagqama ngobuchule bakhe besithombe kanye nokumelwa kwezigcawu zansuku zonke ezinobunzima obukhulu nobuqili.
UPeter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
U-Rubens wayengumdwebi waseFlemish omisebenzi yakhe ibonakala ngokuguquguquka nokuzwela kwabo. Wayaziwa ngokusebenzisa imibala egqamile, izimo ezingavamile, nezingoma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe emele kakhulu kukhona Isahlulelo saseParis y Ukuthunjwa kwamadodakazi kaLeucippus. Isitayela sakhe saba nomthelela omkhulu kwabanye abaculi besikhathi sakhe nangemva kwalokho.
I-Baroque emculweni
Ubuciko be-Baroque abukhonjiswanga kuphela kwezobuciko bokubukwa, kodwa nasemculweni. Abaqambi bayathanda U-Antonio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach y UGeorg Fryrich Händel Babeyizibalo ezibalulekile ze-baroque yomculo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umculo wawubonakala ngokubukeka kwe-opera, i-sonata kanye ne-concerto grosso, ngaphezu kokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu ye-tonal ehlala iyisisekelo emculweni womculo.
I-baroque yomculo nayo yaziwa ngokusebenzisa umehluko phakathi kwevolumu yomsindo kanye nokwenza ngcono, okunike izingoma umuzwa wokuguquguquka nomuzwa ohambisana kahle nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko be-baroque.
Ubuciko be-Baroque eLatin America
I-Baroque ayizange ibe nomthelela eYurophu kuphela, kodwa futhi yafinyelela emazweni aseMelika, ikakhulukazi amakoloni aseSpain namaPutukezi. E-Latin America, i-Baroque ixube namasiko endabuko, idala inguqulo ehlukile yesitayela ehlanganisa izici zomdabu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ezibaziweyo, nasekudwebeni.
Isibonelo esivelele se-baroque eLatin America yisonto lika i-San Francisco e-Quito, e-Ecuador, ehlanganisa izakhi ze-baroque nezimpawu zomdabu. Lesi sitayela se-hybrid singabonakala nasemasontweni aseMexico nasePeru, lapho izakhi zaseYurophu zihlangana khona nezendawo, zakha isitayela esiyingqayizivele esisahlaba umxhwele nanamuhla ngokuqamba nobuhle bayo.
Emdwebeni, umsebenzi womdwebi waseMexico UJuan Correa Kuwuphawu lokuthi izimiso ze-baroque zase-Europe zajwayelaniswa kanjani neqiniso lamasiko nezenhlalo laseLatin America.
Ngakho-ke, i-baroque yayingeyona nje isitayela saseYurophu, kodwa yazivumelanisa namaqiniso ahlukene namasiko ezifundeni lapho ifike khona, iqhubeka nefa layo lokuhlukahluka kanye nokusha.
Ubuciko be-Baroque buyaqhubeka nokunconywa hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yekhono labo lokudlulisa imizwelo ejulile, kodwa futhi namasu alo angenakuqhathaniswa kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bezingoma zabo. Abaculi be-Baroque babekwazi ukusizakala ngokukhanya, ukunyakaza kanye nedrama, okudala ukuxhumana okujulile ngokomzwelo nababukeli babo, into ehlala ihlaba umxhwele nanamuhla.