Sekungamashumi eminyaka sicabanga ukuthi ibhande le-asteroid liyi-asteroid. ibhande lamatshe aphakade azungeza ngokuthula phakathi kweMars neJupiter, cishe njengesizinda esiqinile seSistimu Yelanga. Kodwa-ke, uchungechunge lwezifundo zamuva eziholwa yisazi sezinkanyezi sase-Uruguay UJulio Fernandez Bawuphendule lowo mbono: ibhande aliyona indawo engaguquki noma engaguquki, kodwa uhlelo oluya luwohloka kancane kancane futhi oluvele lulahlekelwe yingxenye enkulu yobunzima balo bokuqala.
Okumangalisayo ukuthi le nqubo ukunyamalala kwebhande le-asteroid Kuhamba kancane kangangokuthi kungabonakali esikalini sesikhathi somuntu, kodwa kuhlala njalo eminyakeni eyizigidigidi kangangokuthi kushiye uphawu olujulile emlandweni wemithelela eMhlabeni, eNyangeni, nakwamanye amaplanethi angaphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi le ndandatho yamatshe ikhishwa kanjani akuyona nje into ethakazelisayo yezinkanyezi: kuhlobene ngqo ne ukuzivikela kwamaplanethi, umsuka wamanzi emhlabeni wethu kanye nokuvela kokuphila.
Iyini ngempela ibhande le-asteroid futhi likuphi?
Ibhande le-asteroid liyindawo ehlala abantu izigidi zamatshe, izingcezu kanye nemizimba ebandayo ezizungeza iLanga phakathi kweMars neJupiter. Itholakala cishe phakathi kwe- 2,1 kanye namayunithi angu-3,4 ezinkanyezi kusuka eLangeni, okungukuthi, phakathi kwamakhilomitha angaba yizigidi ezingu-314 no-508 ukusuka enkanyezini yethu.
Nakuba imifanekiso eminingi ikubonisa njenge- ifu eliminyene neliyingozi lamatshe anqwabeleneIqiniso lizolile kakhulu: amabanga phakathi kwama-asteroid makhulu kangangokuthi indizamkhathi inganqamula sonke isifunda ngaphandle kokuhlangana nanoma iyiphi. Eqinisweni, ama-probe aye ahamba aya eJupiter, eSaturn, nangale kwawo adlule ebhandeni lama-asteroid ngaphandle kokushayisana.
Ngaphakathi, sithola konke kusukela ematsheni amancane kuya emizimbeni engamakhulu amakhilomitha ububanzi, njenge- iplanethi encane iCeres noma ama-asteroid amakhulu njengeVesta, iPallas, iHygiea, noma iJuno. Nokho, konke lokhu, isisindo sonke sebhande silingana cishe 3 noma 4% wobunzima beNyanga, inani elincane ngokumangalisayo uma sicabanga ngobukhulu bendawo elihlala kuyo.
Le ndandatho yamatshe ingaphezu nje kweqoqo elilula lezinsalela zasemkhathini: isebenza njenge- irekhodi lezinsalela zezikhathi zokuqala zeSistimu YelangaAma-asteroid agcina ukwakheka kwe-protosolar nebula lapho amaplanethi azalwa khona, okwenza abe ama-capsules esikhathi angempela aphethe izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nokuthi konke okusizungezile kwadalwa kanjani.
Ngokuphathelene nokwakheka, ama-asteroid ahlukaniswe ngemindeni emithathu eyinhloko: i- i-carbonaceous (ecebile nge-carbon)Ibhande le-asteroid lakhiwe ngamatshe amatshe noma acwebezelayo, kanye namatshe ensimbi agcwele insimbi ne-nickel. Phakathi kwalawa, izidumbu ezinkulu kakhulu zisinde eminyakeni eyizigidigidi yokushayisana, kuyilapho inani elikhulu lezinto ezincane libangela ukuguguleka nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwebhande.
Iplanethi engakaze ibe khona: umsuka kanye nendima kaJupiter
Inkolelo-mbono eyamukelwa kabanzi namuhla ithi ibhande le-asteroid yilona izinto ezisele ezihlulekile ukwakha iplanethi lapho kuzalwa khona iSistimu Yelanga, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezingu-4.600 eyedlule. Isizathu esiyinhloko sinegama nesibongo: I-Jupiter, isiqhwaga segesi esinamandla adonsela phansi avimbela umzamo wokuhlanganisa izinto ezibalulekile.
Esigabeni sokuqala seSistimu Yelanga, indawo ephakathi kweMars neJupiter yayinobunzima obuningi kangangokuthi kuye kwabalwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi yakhiwe. phakathi kwengxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi kanye nesisindo somhlaba ogcweleKodwa ukuba khona kweJupiter enkulu kwaphazamisa kakhulu imijikelezo yezinto ezikhona lapho, kangangokuthi ukushayisana kwayeka ukuba “okwakhayo” futhi kwaba kuyabhubhisaEsikhundleni sokuhlanganisa izingcezu ukuze kwakhiwe iplanethi, ukushayisana kwazehlukanisa zaba izingcezu ezincane nezincane.
Izingcingo ukuzwakala kwamandla adonsela phansi Zidlala indima ebalulekile kule ndaba. Lezi yizifunda lapho izinkathi ze-orbital zama-asteroid zihlobene khona nezeJupiter, iSaturn, noma ngisho neMars (isibonelo, i-asteroid ejikeleza iLanga kathathu kuyo yonke i-orbit yeJupiter). Kulezi zindawo, ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi kuphinda njalo, kukhulisa ukuphazamiseka futhi kwenze imijikelezo eminingi ingazinzile.
Uma i-asteroid iwela kwenye yalezi zindawo eziphithizelayo, umjikelezo wayo ungaba yinto engavamile kakhulu: ngamanye amazwi, Iyanwebeka futhi iguquguquke ize iwele umjikelezo weplanethiNgaleso sikhathi, into inamathuba aphezulu okuthi ikhishwe ebhandeni, kungaba seSistimu Yelanga yangaphakathi (lapho sikhona) noma ezindaweni ezingaphandle kakhulu, eduze komjikelezo weJupiter.
Ngenxa yalo lonke lo mdanso wamandla adonsela phansi, lokho esikubonayo namuhla ebhandeni kumane nje ingxenye encane yesisindo sokuqalaIningi lale nto lakhishwa noma labhujiswa eminyakeni eyizigidigidi edlule, futhi okusele kuyaqhubeka nokudlula enkambisweni yokunciphisa kancane kodwa eqhubekayo.
Ucwaningo lukaJulio Fernández: ukulinganisa ukuthi ibhande liphuma kanjani
Kulesi simo, isazi sezinkanyezi sase-Uruguay singena endaweni yesehlakalo. UJulio Fernandez, umuntu obalulekile ocwaningweni lwemizimba emincane eSistimu Yelanga kanye nephayona ekubikezeleni i-Kuiper Belt ngale kweNeptune. Emsebenzini wakhe onesihloko esithi “Ukuphela kwebhande le-asteroid kanye nomlando womthelela woMhlabaUFernández ubuza umbuzo obonakala ulula ongakaze ulinganiswe ngokuqinile: Ibhande le-asteroid lilahlekelwa isisindo ngezinga elingakanani?
Okumangalisayo ngalolu cwaningo ukuthi alusekelwe emikhankasweni yokubuka emikhulu noma kuma-supercomputer amakhulu, kodwa lusekelwe ku- Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphe kakhulu kwedatha ekhonakuhlanganiswe nokubala okulula okuguquguqukayo. Esebenzisa i-laptop encane edeskini lakhe eMontevideo, uFernández waqoqa ulwazi ngesivinini sokukhishwa kwama-asteroid ebhandeni, inani lothuli lwezinkanyezi oluvela kuleyo ndawo, kanye nesisindo esiphelele esihilelekile ekushayisaneni okusebenzayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, walinganisela ukuthi ukulahlekelwa isisindo ngesimo semizimba emikhulu (ama-asteroid nama-meteoroid) akhishwa ebhandeni ngenxa yokuguquguquka kanye nokungazinzi ezindaweni zalo ezahlukene: ngaphakathi, phakathi, nangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasebenzisa izifundo zangaphambilini ezibonisa ukuthi ibhande le-asteroid lifaka isandla cishe phakathi kuka-15% no-35% wothuli lwezinkanyezi, ukugcina inani eliphakathi elingu-25% ekubaleni kwabo.
Ukwengeza umnikelo ngesimo sothuli kulowo wezinto ezinkulu, umphumela uba ukuthi ibhande le-asteroid Ilahlekelwa cishe u-0,0088% wesisindo sayo esisebenza ngokushayisana njalo eminyakeni eyizigidiKalula nje: cishe ingxenye eyodwa kweziyinkulungwane eziyishumi yesisindo esisahlanganyela ezingozini siyanyamalala njalo eminyakeni eyizigidi.
Kungase kubonakale kuyinani elincane, kodwa uma lilinganiswa libe yizigidigidi zeminyaka, kuba sobala ukuthi sibhekene nenqubo ukuguguleka okuqhubekayo nokuphawulekayoLe nombolo elula isenza sikwazi ukwakha kabusha ukuthi ibhande lalinjani esikhathini esidlule futhi siliqhathanise namarekhodi omthelela esiwabona namuhla eNyangeni naseMhlabeni.
Ibhande selilahlekelwe isisindo esingakanani futhi lisatshalaliswa kanjani?
Ngokwezibalo zikaFernández kanye namanye amaqembu asebenze enkingeni efanayo, ibhande le-asteroid Bekuyoba okungenani okukhulu ngo-50% eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezingu-3.500 edluleOkusho ukuthi, ngaleso sikhathi kwakunedwala eliningi kakhulu elijikeleza phakathi kweMars neJupiter, futhi izinga lokulahlekelwa yisisindo lalicishe liphindwe kabili kunalokho eliyikho namuhla.
Lapho ibhande liqukethe izinto eziningi, ukushayisana kwakuvamile futhi kwaba nobudlova, ngakho ukukhiqizwa kwezingcezu (kanye nezikhali ezintsha ezingaba khona zoMhlaba) kwaba kukhulu kakhulu. Njengoba isifunda sasingenamuntu, izinga lokushayisana kanye nokukhishwa kwezikhali lehla, kwaze kwaba yilapho lifika… ukuconsa okuzinzile esikubonayo namuhla.
Omunye wemiphumela ethakazelisa kakhulu yomsebenzi kaFernández ukuqagela ukuthi isisindo esilahlekelwa yibhande okwamanje sisakazwa kanjani. Cishe eyodwa Ama-20% enqwaba ekhishwe ayaphuma njengama-asteroid noma ama-meteoroid ezikwazi ukuwela imijikelezo yamaplanethi, okuhlanganisa neyoMhlaba. Lezi zingcezu zingagcina zingene emkhathini wethu njengezinkanyezi ezitshuzayo (izinkanyezi ezidubulayo) noma, uma zinkulu ngokwanele, zifinyelele phansi njengezinkanyezi ezitshuzayo.
Enye Ama-80% esisindo esilahlekile aguqulwa abe uthuli lwe-meteoric ngokushayisana okuphindaphindiwe okugaya izingcezu. Lolu thuli oluncane, olwakhiwe ngama-grains alingana nama-micron noma ingxenye yenkulungwane yemilimitha, lusakazwa kulo lonke isikhala sangaphakathi seSistimu Yelanga futhi londla lokho okubizwa ngokuthi uthuli lwezinkanyezi, ukukhanya okusabalalayo okungabonakala esibhakabhakeni esimnyama kakhulu ngemva nje kokushona kwelanga noma ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga.
Imodeli kaFernández ayifaki ubuningi bemizimba emikhulu yokuqala, njenge I-Ceres, i-Vesta, ne-PallasNgoba ubukhulu bazo buzenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuzikhipha ezindleleni zazo ezizinzile. Yilokhu umbhali akubiza ngokuthi “isisindo esingasebenzi esingesiwo ungqubuzana”: uhlobo lohlaka oluqinile lwebhande olukwazile ukumelana nokuqhuma kwezigidigidi zeminyaka, ngokungafani nenani lama-asteroid amancane, ahlanganyela ngokugcwele enkambisweni yokuguguleka.
Kusukela othulini lwezinkanyezi kuya emithambekeni: iziphetho zezinto ezilahlekile
Uhambo lwezinto eziphuma ebhandeni alupheli lapho izingcezu zihlukana nesifunda esikhulu. Uma kwenzeka izinto ezinkuluEziningi zazo ziwela ezindleleni eziwela umzila woMhlaba, zibe ama-asteroid aseduze noMhlaba (ama-NEA). Ingxenye encane kakhulu ekugcineni izothinta iplanethi yethu, iNyanga, noma eminye imihlaba yangaphakathi.
Njalo uma sibona imvula ye-meteor noma sithola i-meteorite emnyuziyamu noma elabhorethri, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi sibona umphumela walokhu. ukuconsa okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezikhishwayo kusukela ebhandeni. Ezinye zalezo zidumbu azizange zibe negalelo ezimbotsheni zemigodi kuphela, kodwa futhi amanzi nama-molecule e-organic eMhlabeni wakuqala, ehlanganyela kumakhemikhali awenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuvela kokuphila.
Ngokuphathelene nothuli, ikusasa lalo lihlukile. Izinhlayiya ezincane zizwela kakhulu ku- imisebe yelanga kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela wePoynting-Robertson: ukukhanya kwelanga, lapho kugwinywa futhi kukhishwa kabusha yizinhlayiya zothuli, kusebenza njengebhuleki elincane kodwa elingaguquki elibangela ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya zilahlekelwe amandla okujikeleza futhi jika kancane kancane uye eLangeni.
Phakathi nalolo hambo oluya ngaphakathi, uthuli luzihlela lube yifu elikhulu elizungeze inkanyezi yethu: yilona ifu lezinkanyeziEzibhakabhakeni ezicacile kude nokukhanya okwenziwe, kungabonakala njengokukhanya okungabonakali, okuyisicaba okuhlangene ne-ecliptic, ngemva nje kokushona kwelanga noma ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga. Ngandlela thile, kuwuphawu olubonakalayo lweLanga. umsebenzi othule webhande le-asteroid, uhlobo lwenkungu yendawo yonke esikhumbuza ukuthi lesi sifunda sisahamba.
Ngokombono we-Solar System dynamics, iqiniso lokuthi cishe u-80% wesisindo esilahlekile siphenduka uthuli kanti u-20% kuphela ovelayo njengamatshe amakhulu kakhulu kubalulekile ekuqondeni imvamisa yangempela yemiphumela engaba yingozi Emhlabeni. Iningi lesisindo esisilahlekelayo alizi ngesimo seziqhumane ezinkulu, kodwa njengezinhlayiya ezincane ezivele zishise emoyeni noma ziwele eLangeni.
Ukuxhumana nomlando wemithelela eMhlabeni naseNyangeni
Ingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi kaFernández ihilela ukuxhumanisa ukuvela kwebhande lesihlalo kanye umlando wemiphumela esiyibona kwezinye izinhlanganoikakhulukazi iNyanga. Isethelayithi yethu igcina ama-crane aneminyaka ehlukahlukene kakhulu ebusweni bayo, amanye awo aneminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidigidi ezine ubudala, ngoba akukho ukuguguleka noma i-tectonics yamapuleti yokuwasula, njengoba kwenzeka eMhlabeni.
Ukuqhathanisa izinga lokulahlekelwa yisisindo sebhande elithathwe kumodeli ne- imvamisa yemithelela eqoshwe eNyangeniKunobudlelwano obuhle obubonakalayo phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2.000-2.500 edlule noma ngaphezulu. Kuleso sikhathi, i-theory mass loss curve ihambisana kahle nomkhuba wokwehla kwenani lama-crater amancane.
Kodwa-ke, uma sibuyela emuva kakhulu esikhathini, izinto ziba nzima. Ezikhathini zangaphambi kwaleyo minyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.500, idatha ye-geological ikhomba ku- izinga lomthelela elinamandla kakhulu, ngeziqongo zangempela zokuqhuma okungafanele imodeli yamanje uma nje sithatha ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kube okwedlule ngendlela eqondile.
Yilapho ezinye izinqubo zomzimba ziqala khona ukusebenza. UFernández uveza ukuthi imodeli yakhe isebenza kahle enkathini lapho indlela yokukhipha izingcezu eyinhloko iyi- kuthathwe ku-YarkovskyLo mphumela, osebenza emizimbeni emincane (efinyelela ku-10 km ububanzi), ubangelwa indlela ezimunca futhi ziphinde zikhiphe ngayo imisebe yelanga njengoba zijikeleza. Lesi simo sishintsha kancane kancane ukujikeleza kwazo futhi sibangele ukuthi ezinye zazo ziwele ekudumeni okungazinzile.
Kodwa ezikhathini zangaphambili, lapho ibhande lalilikhulu kakhulu, indima eyinhloko yayidlalwa yi- ukusebenzisana okuqondile kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwemizimba emikhulu kanye nokuzwana okunamandla namaplanethi amakhulu. Kulowo mongo, ukulahlekelwa yisisindo kwakungcono kakhulu futhi izinga lomthelela eMhlabeni naseNyangeni landa kakhulu, kwakha izingqimba zama-spherulite engilazi kanye nezinye izinsalela zokushayisana esizithola namuhla ezingqimbeni zamadwala ezindala kakhulu.
Kusukela emvuleni yomlilo kuya ekuconseni okuqhubekayo
Ukube umuntu oqaphelisisayo wayebuke uMhlaba eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.500 edlule, ngabe wabona indawo ehluke kakhulu kunanamuhla: isibhakabhaka sasivame ukuwela imiphumela ye-asteroid kanye ne-cometFuthi izilwandle namazwekazi kwahlaselwa kaningi kakhulu kunanamuhla.
Lesi sikhathi sokuqhuma okukhulu kwamabhomu, okwabangelwa yibhande elikhulu nelisebenzayo le-asteroid, sashiya uphawu lwaso kokubili enyangeni nasebusweni boMhlaba. ama-spherulite engilazi Kutholakala ezingqimbeni zamadwala ezindala kakhulu, lawa amaconsi amancane aqinile ezinto ezincibilikisiwe ngenxa yemithelela emikhulu. Abonisa ukuthi iplanethi yethu ibhekane nesikhathi esidlule esinobudlova kakhulu, nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ekujuleni komhlaba wayo, emoyeni wayo, kanye nekhono layo lokusekela ukuphila.
Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, ibhande laphela futhi inani lezibhamu ezitholakalayo lehla, Ukuvama kwemithelela kwehlile. kwaze kwaba yilapho sifika esimweni samanje, lapho ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe. Namuhla sisathola ama-asteroid, kodwa asisaphili ngaphansi kwaleyo mvula yamatshe asemkhathini ehlala njalo.
Ngokumangalisayo, eziningi zalezo zithonya ebesizozibona njengeziyinhlekelele manje zidlale indima enenzuzo ekuguqukeni kokuphila. Amanye ama-asteroid anegalelo ekuletheni amanzi kanye nezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuya eMhlabeni wakuqala, kanye nokushayisana okukhulu okufana nokweplanethi iTheia (eyayizobangela ukuvela kweNyanga) kwashintsha unomphela imingcele eyisisekelo njengokuthambekela kwe-axis yoMhlaba kanye nokuba khona kwezinkathi zonyaka.
Ngakho-ke, ukufunda ukuthi ibhande le-asteroid lilahlekelwe kanjani isisindo futhi lalungisa izinga lokushayisana kuyindlela yokwakha kabusha umbhalo ophelele womlando weplanethi yethu, kusukela ezigamekweni ezibhubhisa kakhulu kuya ezimweni ezisivumele ukuba sibe lapha namuhla sizibuza ngakho konke lokhu.
Imiphumela yokuvikela amaplanethi kanye nekusasa lebhande
Ngale kokwakhiwa kabusha kwesikhathi esidlule, iqiniso lokwazi ngokunembile ukuthi ukugeleza kwe-asteroid okuphuma ebhandeni Lokhu kunemiphumela eqondile ekuvikeleni amaplanethi. Ingxenye enkulu yezinto eziseduze noMhlaba (ama-NEO adumile) ivela ngqo kuleso sifunda esiphakathi kweMars neJupiter, siphazanyiswa yiJupiter, iSaturn, neMars.
Uma siqonda kangcono ukuthi zivela kuziphi izindawo zebhande, ngesivinini esingakanani, futhi ngosayizi ojwayelekile, kuzoba lula kakhulu. bonisa izindlela zabo futhi ulinganisele ingozi yangempela yomthelela wesikhathi eside. Imisebenzi efana I-NASA DARTLe phrojekthi, eyahlola ngempumelelo ikhono lokuphambukisa i-asteroid (Dimorphos) ngomthelela olawulwayo ngo-2022, iyahambisana nalo mzamo womhlaba wonke wokushintsha kusukela ekuqapheni okulula kuya ekungeneleleni okusebenzayo uma kudingeka.
Esikhathini eside kakhulu, konke kukhomba ebhandeni Izoqhubeka nokulahlekelwa isisindo, kodwa ngesivinini esihamba kancane.Uma izinto ezisele zincane, kulapho ukushayisana nokukhishwa kwezinto kuzoncipha khona, ngakho-ke ukuqhekeka ngeke kube okuqondile, kodwa kuzothambekela ekunciphiseni ijubane. Akwenzeki neze ukuthi sizoke sibone ukunyamalala okuphelele: okulindeleke kakhulu ukuthi kuzosala inani elincane lemizimba emikhulu kanye nenani elisele lezingcezu nothuli.
Kunoma ikuphi, “ukufa” okuqinisekile kwebhande lesihlalo kuzoxhomeka kwesinye isenzakalo esikhulu: i ukuvela kweLanga esikhathini esizayoEminyakeni engaba yizigidigidi ezi-5.000, inkanyezi yethu izoba yi-giant ebomvu, ishintshe kakhulu imijikelezo yamaplanethi nemizimba emincane. Lesi sigaba cishe sizosula okusele kwebhande le-asteroid njengoba silazi, kanye nengxenye enkulu yesakhiwo samanje seSistimu yangaphakathi yeSolar.
Okwamanje, izazi zezinkanyezi ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izibalo zazo ngokubuka okuvela kuma-telescope asemkhathini njengeHubble kanye ukulingisa kwezinombolo okunesinqumo esiphezuluokwazi ukudala kabusha ukushayisana kanye nokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwezigidi zemizimba. Intuthuko ngayinye entsha iqinisekisa ukuthi lokho obekulokhu kubhekwa njengendawo ehlala njalo yendawo yonke, empeleni, kuyisimo esihlala sishintsha.
Ibhande le-asteroid, hhayi nje ngokuba yisizinda sangemuva, lembulwa njenge- umlingiswa osebenzayo emlandweni weSistimu YelangaIzingcezu zazo zishintshe ubuso beplanethi, zafaka isandla kumakhemikhali adingekayo empilweni, futhi ziyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza imvula yezinkanyezi ezisikhumbuza ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi sabelana ngomakhelwane nenqwaba yamatshe aguquka kancane kodwa njalo.