Indawo yonke yakhiwe ngamaqembu amakhulu we izinkanyezi ebizwa ngokuthi imithala. A i-galaxy Kuyiqoqo lezinkanyezi, uthuli negesi okuhlanganiswe amandla adonsela phansi. Lezi zakhiwo ze-cosmic zakha eminyakeni eyizigidigidi zisuka emafini egesi nothuli oluncipha ngaphansi kwamandla adonsela phansi azo.
Izinhlobo zemithala nokwakheka kwayo
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene imithala futhi ngayinye yazo inesimo nesakhiwo esihlukile. Izazi zezinkanyezi zihlukanisa imithala ngezigaba ezine ezibanzi: imimoya, i-elliptical, lenticular e okungajwayelekile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwahlongozwa ekuqaleni ngu-Edwin Hubble ngawo-1930 futhi kusasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
Ukwakheka komthala kuncike ezicini ezimbalwa, njengejubane lokuzungeza lefu lokuqala legesi, ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi neminye imithala eseduze, nezinqubo zokwakheka kwezinkanyezi zangaphakathi. Uma ifu linomfutho owanele we-angular, lingashintsha libe umthala ozungezayo i-disc nezingalo ezivunguzayo; Uma ingenayo, ingaba umthala oyi-elliptical noma i-lenticular.
Imithala evuthayo
Imithala ezungezayo, njengeyethu IMilky Way, zibonakala kalula ngezingalo zazo ezizungezayo ezikhanyayo ezisuka enkabeni ehlangene. Lezi zingalo zakhiwe izinkanyezi ezincane, uthuli kanye negesi ephakathi kwezinkanyezi. Izingalo zemithala ezungezayo nazo ziyikhaya lezinqubo eziqinile zokwakheka kwezinkanyezi, lapho izinkanyezi ezintsha ziqhubeka zizalwa ngegesi elicinene elisemafwini eliziqambayo.
Imithala ye-Elliptical
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithala eyi-elliptical inomumo oyindilinga noma ovali futhi ayinazo izingalo ezizingelengele ezichaziwe. Ikakhulukazi zakhiwe izinkanyezi ezindala futhi iqukethe igesi encane kakhulu nothuli, okusho izinga eliphansi lokwakheka kwezinkanyezi uma kuqhathaniswa nemithala ezungezayo. Labo abakhulu babizwa imidondoshiya eyi-elliptical futhi zingezinye zezakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu endaweni yonke.
Imithala yamaLente
Imithala ye-Lenticular uhlobo oluphakathi phakathi kwama-spirals nama-ellipticals. Nakuba zinama-disk, njengemithala ezungezayo, azinazo izakhi zezingalo ezisonge. Ukwakheka kwayo kuhlanganisa kokubili izinkanyezi ezindala nezincane, futhi izinga layo lokwakheka kwezinkanyezi lilinganiselwe.
Imithala engavamile
Okokugcina, imithala engavamile ayinawo umumo noma ukwakheka okuchaziwe. Eziningi zazo ziwumphumela wokushayisana noma ukuxhumana neminye imithala. Lokhu kushayisana akuhlanganisi ukwakheka komthala, kwakha imithala engajwayelekile enamafu egesi nothuli oluxutshwe nezinkanyezi ezihlakazekile.
Ukunyakaza nokwanda kwendawo yonke
Imithala ayimile; zonke zitholakala ku hamba. Lokhu kunyakaza kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi okubathinta ngabanye kanye nokwanda komkhathi ngokwawo. U-Edwin Hubble, isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile, nguye owabonisa ngawo-1920 ukuthi indawo yonke iyakhula.
hubble waphawula ukuthi imithala eminingi iyasuka kweyethu, okusho ukuthi umkhathi wawulokhu ukhula kusukela Big Bang. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi yi- shift ebomvu, njengoba amaza okukhanya avela emithaleni enwebeka aye engxenyeni ebomvu ye-spectrum kazibuthe njengoba eqhela kithi.
Zisebenzisa lolu lwazi, izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zakwazi ukubala ukuthi indawo yonke ineminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.800 ikhona. Lokhu ukunwetshwa Akuthinti nje kuphela ukusatshalaliswa kwemithala, kodwa futhi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo. Njengoba indawo yonke iqhubeka nokwanda, imithala iqhela eduze komunye nomunye, okwenza isikhala phakathi kwayo sibe sikhulu nakakhulu.
I-Milky Way nendawo yethu endaweni yonke
Umthala wethu, i IMilky Way, ungomunye wemithala eminingi ezungezayo endaweni yonke. Inobubanzi obungaba yi-100.000 light years futhi iseqenjini lemithala eyaziwa ngokuthi iqembu lendawo, okuhlanganisa neminye imithala ephawulekayo njenge Andromeda futhi i Amafu weMagellan.
Enkabeni ye-Milky Way kunomgodi omnyama omkhulu owaziwa ngokuthi I-Sagittarius A*, lapho zonke izinkanyezi nezingxenye zomjikelezo wethu womthala. I-Milky Way futhi inemithala yesathelayithi eminingana ezungeza kuyo, njengamafu e-Magellan esishiwo ngenhla, ayimithala emincane futhi eseduze.
Ukushayisana kwe-Galactic kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Andromeda
Imithala ayisuki nje kuphela, kodwa eminingi ingangqubuzana phakathi kwezigidi zeminyaka. Ukushayisana kwe-Galaxy kungadala izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kubangele ukuqhuma okukhulu kokwakheka kwezinkanyezi.
Isibonelo esicacile sokungqubuzana okuzayo ukusebenzelana phakathi umthala we-andromeda kanye neMilky Way. Yomibili le mithala isendleleni yokushayisana futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ihlangane ibe umthala omkhulu oyi-elliptical cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.500. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuzothinta kakhulu ukuma nokuqukethwe kwayo yomibili imithala.
Indaba emnyama nemithala
Enye ingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda imithala ukuba khona kwalokho esikubiza ngokuthi indaba emnyama. Kuwuhlobo lwendaba esingenakulubona ngokuqondile, kodwa olunamandla amakhulu adonsela phansi emithala. Ngaphandle kokuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama, imithala eminingi ngeke ikwazi ukugcina ukwakheka kwayo noma ukuchaza isivinini sayo sokuzungeza.
Lapho izazi zezinkanyezi zibuka imithala ijikeleza, zithola ukuthi izinkanyezi ezisemaphethelweni angaphandle emithala zihamba ngokushesha kakhulu kunalokho okufanele, uma kubhekwa ubukhulu obubonakalayo. Ukuze bachaze lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye, ososayensi bathi kukhona izinto ezimnyama, ezingaba nesisindo esanele ukuze kulondolozwe ukubumbana komthala.
Vera Rubin, isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika, wayeyiphayona kulo mkhakha ngokutadisha amajika ajikelezayo emithala, ebeka isisekelo socwaningo lwanamuhla lwezinto ezimnyama.
Kodwa-ke, izinto ezimnyama zihlala zingenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi zesimanje, njengoba zingakabonwa ngokuqondile naphezu kwezifundo eziningi eziqhubekayo.
Ukuhlola imithala kuye kwavumela izazi zezinkanyezi ukuba ziwuqonde kangcono umkhathi esiphila kuwo, futhi nakuba kunokuningi esikutholile, kusekuningi okufanele sikufunde. Imithala iyaqhubeka nokusithakasela futhi isinika inselelo yokwandisa umkhathizwe nolwazi lwethu.