Kusukela ngesikhathi siseyizingane futhi sithatha ipeni okokuqala, sizizwa sinesifiso esingenakuvinjelwa sokufuna gcwalisa imingcele, amatafula, kanye namabhuku okubhala ngama-doodleLesi sidingo sokubhala phansi yonke into akuyona nje into yokuzilibazisa: siyimbewu yento ejulile kakhulu, isifiso esifanayo esaholela okhokho bethu ekudwebeni imifanekiso ezindongeni zemihume, ukumisa amathempeli ngemabula emhlophe, noma ukudweba izithombe ezigcwalisa iminyuziyamu manje. Umlando wobuciko kumahlayaYadalwa nguprofesa nomdwebi wezithombe uPedro Cifuentes, iqala ngqo kulowo mbuzo: yini esishukumisela ukuba sakhe izithombe futhi siziguqule zibe ubuciko?
Phakathi kwencwadi yamahlaya engcolile nencwadi yokubhekisela, lezi zincwadi seziphenduke incwadi iphrojekthi yezemfundo yokuqala esebenzisa ukuxoxa izindaba ngezithombe ukuchaza ukuvela kobuciko kusukela ezweni lakudala kuya ekhulwini lama-20 (nangale kwalokho, uma sikhuluma iqiniso). Azikho izincwadi noma uhlu lwamagama olungafundeki okufanele lugcinwe ngekhanda: lapha, kugxilwe emifanekisweni, amahlaya, izinkomba zamasiko, kanye neqembu labafundi abahamba ngesikhathi noProfesa wabo, i-ego yombhali ehlukile. Umphumela uba yiqoqo elidlala njenge-adventure comic kodwa, cishe ngaphandle kokuqaphela, likufundisa ukuthi iyini i-stylobate, ukuthi inkathi yeBaroque isebenza kanjani, noma ukuthi kungani sisaphikisana ngamaMarble eParthenon.
Iqoqo Umlando wobuciko kumahlaya uzalwa njengo Iphrojekthi yemfundo eyenzelwe ukusondeza ubuciko kubo bonke ababukeliKodwa kunezilaleli ezicacile kakhulu: abafundi abaseminyakeni yokugcina yesikole samabanga aphansi kanye nesikole samabanga aphezulu. Umsunguli wayo, uPedro Cifuentes, unguthisha wezifundo zomphakathi esikoleni samabanga aphezulu eCastellón, futhi usechithe iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ehlola indlela yokusebenzisa amahlaya njengethuluzi lokufunda ekilasini ngaphambi kokuqala lolu hambo lokushicilela.
Lolu chungechunge luklanyelwe njengohambo oluphelele emlandweni wobuciko ngokusebenzisa imiqulu eyisithupha yamakhasi agcwele imibala acishe abe yi-100Njengoba kunefomethi yesimo sendawo ewusizo kakhulu ekuboniseni amakhasi ekilasini, umqondo uwukuthi ivolumu ngayinye ingasebenza njengokufunda okuzimele, ukuze kujatshulelwe ekhaya njengencwadi enhle yamahlaya, kanye nezinto zokusekela ekilasini ezinengxenye eqinile yemfundo, kodwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ijubane layo elisheshayo kanye nomuzwa wokuhlekisa.
Injini yokulandisa iyafana njalo: uthisha ohlakaniphile kanye nabafundi bakhe—iqembu eliboniswa kahle kakhulu. ukukhathazeka, amahlaya, kanye nezinkomba zamasiko zezingane zanamuhla— Baqala uhambo oluhamba isikhathi olubaholela ekuxhumaneni nabaculi, onkulunkulu, ababhali, kanye nabantu bomlando abavela enkathini ngayinye. Abagcini nje ngokubuka imisebenzi esesikhwameni sokubukisa: bangena ngokunyenya emathempelini, ezigcawini, emadolobheni, naseminyuziyamu, baxoxe nabalingiswa babo abaphambili, futhi babone ubuciko ngokomongo, njengengxenye ephilayo yesiko.
Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi le ndlela akuyona nje indlela elula yokulandisa indaba. UCifuentes uyazi kahle ukuthi isihluthulelo siseku “fundisa ngokuthokozisa” (docere et delectare): qala ngokuhlanganisa umfundi nabalingiswa abahlobene, ama-gags abonakalayo, kanye nezinkomba zesiko elidumile (le- I-star wars a Umdlalo Wamakhosi), futhi basebenzise leso sithakazelo ukuze bangene emiqondweni yomlando wobuciko, isilulumagama sobuchwepheshe kanye nezingxoxo zamanje ngefa ngaphandle kokuba yinto ekhathazayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqoqo seliyincwadi yokubhekisela emkhakheni wezemfundo hhayi nje ngenxa yamahlaya uqobo, kodwa futhi nangenxa inqwaba yezinto ezengeziwe okuhambisana nazo: amaphosta, imidwebo yasendulo, izikhathi, amaphepha okufundisa, imidlalo yememori, izinsiza zemidlalo… Konke kuklanyelwe ukuze othisha nezikhungo zemfundo bakwazi ukuguqula amakilasi abe iminyuziyamu yangempela noma amathempeli amaGreki ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimizamo yokulungiselela izinto kusukela ekuqaleni.
Kuyini “Umlando Wobuciko Kumahlaya” futhi kungani ukhanga kangaka
Iqoqo Umlando wobuciko kumahlaya uzalwa njengo Iphrojekthi yemfundo eyenzelwe ukusondeza ubuciko kubo bonke ababukeliKodwa kunezilaleli ezicacile kakhulu: abafundi abaseminyakeni yokugcina yesikole samabanga aphansi kanye nesikole samabanga aphezulu. Umsunguli wayo, uPedro Cifuentes, unguthisha wezifundo zomphakathi esikoleni samabanga aphezulu eCastellón, futhi usechithe iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ehlola indlela yokusebenzisa amahlaya njengethuluzi lokufunda ekilasini ngaphambi kokuqala lolu hambo lokushicilela.
Lolu chungechunge luklanyelwe njengohambo oluphelele emlandweni wobuciko ngokusebenzisa imiqulu eyisithupha yamakhasi agcwele imibala acishe abe yi-100Njengoba kunefomethi yesimo sendawo ewusizo kakhulu ekuboniseni amakhasi ekilasini, umqondo uwukuthi ivolumu ngayinye ingasebenza njengokufunda okuzimele, ukuze kujatshulelwe ekhaya njengencwadi enhle yamahlaya, kanye nezinto zokusekela ekilasini ezinengxenye eqinile yemfundo, kodwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ijubane layo elisheshayo kanye nomuzwa wokuhlekisa.
Injini yokulandisa iyafana njalo: uthisha ohlakaniphile kanye nabafundi bakhe—iqembu eliboniswa kahle kakhulu. ukukhathazeka, amahlaya, kanye nezinkomba zamasiko zezingane zanamuhla— Baqala uhambo oluhamba isikhathi olubaholela ekuxhumaneni nabaculi, onkulunkulu, ababhali, kanye nabantu bomlando abavela enkathini ngayinye. Abagcini nje ngokubuka imisebenzi esesikhwameni sokubukisa: bangena ngokunyenya emathempelini, ezigcawini, emadolobheni, naseminyuziyamu, baxoxe nabalingiswa babo abaphambili, futhi babone ubuciko ngokomongo, njengengxenye ephilayo yesiko.
Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi le ndlela akuyona nje indlela elula yokulandisa indaba. UCifuentes uyazi kahle ukuthi isihluthulelo siseku “fundisa ngokuthokozisa” (docere et delectare): qala ngokuhlanganisa umfundi nabalingiswa abahlobene, ama-gags abonakalayo, kanye nezinkomba zesiko elidumile (le- I-star wars a Umdlalo Wamakhosi), futhi basebenzise leso sithakazelo ukuze bangene emiqondweni yomlando wobuciko, isilulumagama sobuchwepheshe kanye nezingxoxo zamanje ngefa ngaphandle kokuba yinto ekhathazayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqoqo seliyincwadi yokubhekisela emkhakheni wezemfundo hhayi nje ngenxa yamahlaya uqobo, kodwa futhi nangenxa inqwaba yezinto ezengeziwe okuhambisana nazo: amaphosta, imidwebo yasendulo, izikhathi, amaphepha okufundisa, imidlalo yememori, izinsiza zemidlalo… Konke kuklanyelwe ukuze othisha nezikhungo zemfundo bakwazi ukuguqula amakilasi abe iminyuziyamu yangempela noma amathempeli amaGreki ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimizamo yokulungiselela izinto kusukela ekuqaleni.
Umsuka: umkhankaso wokuxhasa ngezimali wabantu abaningi owaphuma esandleni
Ngaphambi kokufika ezitolo zezincwadi ngenxa kaDesperta Ferro, “Umlando Wobuciko Kwamahlaya” waqala njengomsebenzi wokuxhasa ngezimali kuVerkami. Umqondo wokuqala wawulula: ukunyatheliswa kokuqala kwamakhophi angaba ngu-300 omqulu 1, anikezelwe ezweni lakudala, iphepha eliyiphepha, ifomethi yendawo, amakhasi anemibala angu-104, kanye neqoqo elincane lemivuzo yokusekela ukushicilelwa.
Nokho, impendulo yomphakathi yadlula konke okwakulindelwe. Umkhankaso wathola uxhaso oludingekayo emahoreni angu-48 kuphela, futhi zingakapheli izinsuku… Inani lalidlula u-6000, kwabe sekuba u-9000, futhi babehlose ngisho no-12000 euros.Intshiseko yothisha, abafundi bezincwadi zamahlaya, nabathandi bobuciko ayizange nje iqinisekise ukuba khona komqulu wokuqala, kodwa futhi yandisa ububanzi balo msebenzi futhi yawucebisa ngezinto ezintsha zemfundo.
Njengoba imigomo yokuxhasa ngezimali yayivuliwe, uPedro Cifuentes wamemezela imiklomelo emisha: Izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu zamaqhawe avela ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki namaRomaUmdlalo wememori we-PDF onezithombe zobuciko bakudala ezingama-20, izithombe zodonga ezilandelanayo, kanye nenselele yokugcina enkulu, “izithombe ezisikiwe” ezinhle kakhulu noma izingxenye ezinemifanekiso zezakhiwo ezifanekisayo njengeColosseum, iParthenon noma amaBaths aseCaracalla.
Umbhali ngokwakhe wagcizelela kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi okubaluleke kakhulu kuye Ukugcina ikhwalithi ngaphezu kokugcwala iphrojekthi ngokuthengisaEsikhundleni samabheji, ama-t-shirt nezinye izinto, wakhetha ukutshala imali empumelelweni yokuxhaswa ngemali kwabantu abaningi ekuthuthukiseni izinto zokufundisa nokunikeza imikhiqizo ewusizo ngempela ekilasini: imidwebo emikhulu efinyelela kumamitha ayi-1×3, elungele ukulengiswa emaphasishi, emitatsheni yezincwadi noma emakilasini, futhi eklanywe “njengamafasitela” angempela ezweni lakudala.
Lo mkhankaso uphinde wavula umnyango wezindlela ezikhethekile zezikhungo zemfundo: amaphakethe anamakhophi ayi-10 ale ncwadi yamahlaya enguqulweni yayo eyisisekelo, kanye nemidwebo yodonga emikhulu yokuhlobisa izikhala zesikole, konke ku- amanani ancishisiwe kanye nokunyatheliswa okulinganiselwe kwabasekeli bokuqalaUkwamukelwa okuhle kwakhuthaza umbhali ukuthi ahlele isimiso esinohlonze: imiqulu emibili ngonyaka kuze kube yilapho uchungechunge luqedwa eminyakeni engaba mihlanu, ehlala ehlanganisa amahlaya nezinsiza zemfundo.
Isakhiwo samavolumu ayisithupha sokumboza wonke umlando wobuciko
Ukuhlela okuphelele kochungechunge Kungokulandelayo, njengoba kwaphakanyiswa ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi futhi kuhlanganiswe ohlelweni lweDesperta Ferro:
- Umqulu 1: Umhlaba WakudalaZinikezelwe kubuciko bamaGreki namaRoma, izinganekwane zabo, izakhiwo, izithombe kanye nefa labo emasikweni aseNtshonalanga.
- Umqulu 2: Inkathi EphakathiUhambo oluya ezindlini zezindela, emathempelini amaGothic, imibhalo ebhalwe ngemibala ekhanyisiwe, kanye nemifanekiso engokomfanekiso yasendulo.
- Umqulu 3: I-Renaissance kanye ne-MannerismUkutholwa kabusha kobu-classicism, uLeonardo, uMichelangelo, uRaphael kanye noguquko lombono.
- Umqulu 4: Inkathi YamaBaroqueUVelázquez, uRubens, uRembrandt, uBernini kanye nobuciko obujabulisayo, bemidlalo yaseshashalazini obugcwele ukuhlukahluka.
- Umqulu 5: Ikhulu LezinguqukoUbuciko bekhulu le-19, kusukela ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme kuya ku-Impressionism kanye nezinhlangano zokuqala ze-avant-garde.
- Umqulu 6: Uhambo oluya ngobuciko besimanjeKusukela ngekhulu lama-20 kuze kube namuhla: ama-avant-garde, ubuciko bomqondo, iminyuziyamu yesimanje kanye nezingxoxo zamanje.
Umqulu ngamunye uhlelwe njengohlobo lwe- Uhambo oluqondiswayo oluholwa uSolwazi nabafundi bakhe, kanye nokuma ezindaweni ezibalulekile endaweni ibalazwe lomhlabaI-Athens, iRoma, iPetra, iBritish Museum, amasonto amakhulu asendulo, izigodlo zaseBaroque, ama-workshop eRenaissance, izikwele zekhulu le-19, kanye nemibukiso yobuciko yesimanje. Kuzo zonke izindawo, bahlangana nabaculi, abacabangi, kanye nabantu abangochwepheshe bezincwadi ababa abaqondisi babo abavelele.
Emiqulwini yokuqala eseyishicilelwe kakade, isibonelo, umhlaba wakudala uhlanganisa ndawonye izibalo ezifana USappho, uHomer, uHerodotus noma unkulunkulukazi u-Athenaokusisiza siqonde ukuthi ubuhle bamaGreki namaRoma bakhiwa kanjani; ngenkathi ngeNkathi Ephakathi, u-Averroes noWilliam waseBaskerville bavela, okusikhumbuza ngokungenakugwenywa. Igama le-roseUQuasimodo nabanye abalingiswa abahlanganisa umlando nezindaba eziqanjiwe ukuze babonise umcabango wesikhathi esiphakathi.
Emiqulwini enikezelwe kwiRenaissance kanye neBaroque, abasebenzi bayanda nge Ukuqala komdwebo nezithombe zaseYurophuULeonardo da Vinci, abalingiswa abathatha ngisho nezithombe zabo; uMichelangelo noDavid wakhe, okubonisa ukubuyiselwa komqondo wakudala; u-Artemisia Gentileschi, oqinisekiswe njengomunye wabaculi abakhulu abakhohliwe ngokungafanele; uVelázquez, namantombazane akhe kanye nokubuka kwabo okuhlekisayo; uRubens, uRembrandt, uCaravaggio kanye nohlangothi lwabo olubi, noma uBernini noBorromini njengabalingiswa abadumile bezithombe zeBaroque kanye nezakhiwo.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokuqina komlando kanye nokuhambisana nesiko elidumile kwenza uchungechunge lube luhle kakhulu kulabo abasanda kuqala ubuciko kanye nabafundi abanolwazi abajabulela ukuzingela izinkomba. izinkomba zamafilimu, amahlaya noma amanoveli ezinyathela ngemuva: ze INkosi yezindandatho a Inkosazana ethembisene umshado, ukuhamba UFrankenstein osemncane o Indaba engapheli.
Umhlaba wakudala: kusukela emdwebweni womhume kuya kumabula waseRoma
Umqulu wokuqala, Umlando Wobuciko Kumahlaya. Umqulu 1: Umhlaba WakudalaMhlawumbe lesi yisibonelo esihle kakhulu sendlela ifomula yochungechunge esebenza ngayo. Emakhasini ayo angaphezu kuka-90, umfundi uhamba noSolwazi nabafundi bakhe ku- uhambo olujabulisayo oludlula eGrisi naseRoma lasendulo, kusukela emathempelini okuqala kuya emadolobheni amakhulu oMbuso.
Nakuba kugxilwe ebucikweni bamaGreki namaRoma, uhambo alugcini nje ngokulandelana kwezinsuku nezitayela. Abalingiswa abaphambili bazithola bese-Athene ukuze baqonde ukuthi yini emhlabeni i-stylobate, balahleke eMycenae, bahambe baye ePetra nasePompeii, babheke phezulu eTrajan’s Column, futhi bahlangane nezingcezu ezifanekisela izinto ezifana nalezi iChimera ka-Arezzo noma uDavid kaMichelangelo, esetshenziswa lapha njengophawu lokutholakala kabusha kobu-classicism emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.
Enye yamandla evolumu ukuthi ikwazi kanjani… Amagama obuchwepheshe acishe ashaqeke.Phakathi kwamahlaya, umfundi ufunda isilulumagama sokwakha, aqaphele ukuhleleka kwakudala, aqonde ukuthi yini ehlukanisa ithempeli lamaGreki nelamaRoma, noma ukuthi kungani izithombe ezithile zaba amamodeli ajwayelekile. Ngaphambi kokuthi wazi, ungahlukanisa inhloko-dolobha yama-Ionic neyaseKorinte ngaphandle kokuvula incwadi yemiyalelo ebanzi.
Amahlaya awakhohlwa ubukhulu obuseduze kakhulu nendawo yethu: kukhona ingxenye ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu enikezelwe kuyo I-Roman Hispania, iphathwa njengokungathi iyi-panorama yesinemaUmfundi uhamba eTarraco, eSegovia, eBaelo Claudia, eItalica noma eMérida, bese ebona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi amathiyetha, imisele yamanzi kanye nezinkundla zemidlalo zahlanganiswa kanjani endaweni yenhlonhlo.
Njengokungathi lokho akwanele, incwadi ifafazwe ngezithombe ezincane eziklanyelwe abathandi bamafilimu nabathandi bobuciko. Ngezinye izikhathi ivele phakathi kwamakholomu nama-pediment. umdwebo ka-Alma Tadema, umdwebo kaMonty Python onethoni yesardonic noma amahlaya amancane aqeda amandla “i-Stendhal syndrome” engase ibangelwe ubuhle obuningi kangaka. Amahlaya, futhi, asebenza njenge-valve yokukhulula kanye ne-hook yokugcina ukunaka.
Kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi kuya kuBaroque: ngale kwencwadi ethi i-Eurocentrism
Ngemva kwempumelelo yezwe lakudala, uhambo luyaqhubeka Iminyaka Ephakathi, Ukuvuselelwa kabusha y I-Baroquelapho uCifuentes ezivumela khona ukudlala kakhulu okulindelwe esikuthwele kulezi zikhathiIsibonelo, iNkathi Ephakathi ayisekho “leyo nto emnyama phakathi kweRoma neRenaissance” ukuze ibonise bonke ubucebe bayo: amasonto aseRoma, amasonto amakhulu aseGothic akhomba esibhakabhakeni, amafasitela engilazi anemibala, imibhalo ekhanyisiwe kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke okuhlukahlukene kakhulu kunalokho esivame ukukucabanga.
Kulezi zincwadi, enye yezinto ezithandwa ngumbhali ibonakala ngokucacile: ukuphula i-Eurocentrism yakudala yezincwadi zesikoleNakuba iYurophu idlala indima ebalulekile ngokusobala, ayivezwa njengebhamuza elihlukile, kodwa kunalokho ixoxwa njalo namanye amasiko. Kubhekiselwa kulokho okwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa eMelika, e-Afrika nase-Asia, futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi ngenkathi kwakhiwa amasonto amakhulu endaweni eyodwa, izimpucuko ezinezinhlobo zobuciko eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokulinganayo ziyachuma kwenye indawo.
Umqulu we-Renaissance usebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi abantu abadumile njengoLeonardo da Vinci, izingane ezigcina zibacela. izithombe zakho ze-selfie phakathi kwemidwebo nemishini engenakwenzekaNoma uMichelangelo, oba yisango lezihloko ezifana nokwakheka komzimba, isilinganiso, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemabula. Umfundi ubona ukuzalwa kombono, uvakashela ama-workshop kanye namagumbi okusika, futhi uyaqonda ukuthi kungani lokhu kuqhuma kokudala kwaphawula ushintsho olukhulu.
En I-BaroqueIzinselelo ziphakeme. UProfesa kanye nama-ejenti ezincwadi zamahlaya bayalokotha baxhumane iziqhwaga ezifana noVelázquez, uRubens, uRembrandt noma uCaravaggioNgaphezu kokuvakashela izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakha njengeSt. Peter’s Basilica eVatican, iSigodlo saseVersailles, iVenice yaseCanaletto, noma amagugu akude njengeTaj Mahal neManila, abafundi bahlangana nabantu abadumile njengeNtombi ene-Pearl Earring noma i-Infanta Margarita, abaletha ubuso bomuntu emidwebo edumile emhlabeni.
Isitayela seBaroque, esithathwa njengesitayela esihlotshisiwe nesingenakufinyeleleka, siguqulwa lapha sibe isitayela esiyingqayizivele. idili elibonakalayo eligcwele i-chiaroscuro, idrama kanye nezindaba ezimnandiIchaza ukuthi kungani iCaravaggio ibhekwa “njengeyingozi,” ihlukanisa ukungezwani phakathi kukaBernini noBorromini, futhi ibonise indlela umdwebo waseNyakatho Yurophu odlala ngayo nokukhanya ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele emifanekisweni emikhulu yase-Italy.
Iphrojekthi ephelele yemfundo: amahlaya, imidwebo yodonga, amaphepha okusebenzela kanye nokudlala imidlalo
Ngale kwe-comic uqobo, “Umlando wobuciko kumahlaya” uzisungule njengohlelo lwemfundo lwangempelaUmqulu ngamunye ungathengwa kuphela ngenguqulo yawo yencwadi yamahlaya (ephrintiwe futhi ekwi-PDF), kodwa kukhona nezinhlelo ezandisiwe ezifaka ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kwezemfundo, ezenzelwe ikakhulukazi othisha abafuna ukusebenza kwezobuciko ekilasini ngendlela ehlukile.
Phakathi kwezinto ezivelele kakhulu kukhona Izinto zokufundisa zemisebenzi eyinhlokookuvumela ukuhlola okujulile kwengxenye ngayinye ngemininingwane ebalulekile, imibuzo yabafundi, iziphakamiso zomsebenzi kanye amatafula wokuqhathanisaLawa ma-worksheet aklanyelwe ukukopishwa, ukuklanywa, noma ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yeqembu ekilasini.
Elinye iqembu elibalulekile lakhiwa yi- amasethi eshidi lokufaka imibala Ngefomethi ye-A4: izithombe zamaGreki, amathambo amaRoma, izakhiwo ezivela kuzo zombili izizinda… Kunokuba zibe “imidwebo yokupenda” elula, ziba yindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulungisa izimo, amavolumu kanye nemininingwane yezakhiwo ngenkathi umfundi ejatshuliswa ngamapensela nama-marker.
Nokho, into ekhangayo kakhulu imifanekiso yodonga enefomethi enkulu: a I-Pantheon yamaGreki namaRoma enemifanekiso, izikhathi ezinkulu ezihlanganisa amakhulu eminyaka omlando noma amaphaneli anikezelwe kwiZimangaliso Eziyisikhombisa Zezwe Lasendulo. Kwezinye izimo, iCifuentes idale ngisho nemidwebo yodonga ependwe ngesandla efinyelela kumamitha angu-1×6 ukuhlobisa amakamelo abasebenzi noma izindawo ezivamile, ihlanganisa ubuciko, umlando, isiko, ngisho nezindlela zokupheka zesikhathi eside.
Zonke lezi zinsiza zihambisana nezakhi ze Ukudlala imidlalo: imidlalo yememori, izinselele, amatafula okungena kabili, kanye nezinselele ezincane ezibonakalayo okukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi basebenzisane nokuqukethwe kunokumane bakulalele. Umbhali ngokwakhe ugcizelela ukuthi akafuni ukudala incwadi evaliwe, kodwa ufuna indawo yokuqala eguquguqukayo: othisha bathola izinto ezinemifanekiso ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa bakhululekile ukuzivumelanisa, ukuzixuba, nokuzizama ukuze bacebise amakilasi abo.
Izilimi, izakhiwo kanye nokuqashelwa kwezikhungo
Enye yezinto ezikhathazayo njalo kule phrojekthi kube kwenze kube lula ukufinyelela emphakathini wezemfundo omningi ngangokunokwenzekaNakuba uhlelo lokuqala lwamahlaya lushicilelwe ngesiSpanishi—okuyinto enengqondo uma kunyatheliswa kancane—, izinto zokufundisa ezihambisanayo zilungiselelwe okungenani ngesiSpanishi, isiCatalan, isiGalician, isiBasque, isiFulentshi nesiNgisi.
Labo abakhetha izinhlobo eziphrintiwe zamaphosta noma imidwebo yasezindongeni bakhetha ulimi olulodwa lokunyathelisa, kodwa basathola okufanayo amafayela edijithali ngezinye izilimiLokhu kwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezikoleni ezikhuluma izilimi ezimbili noma ezimweni lapho imiphakathi eminingi yezilimi ihlangana khona. Inguqulo ye-PDF yale ncwadi yamahlaya, efakiwe kubaxhasi nabathengi bezinhlelo ezithile, ivumela futhi amakhasi ukuthi aboniswe ekilasini, izingcezu zinyatheliswe, noma imisebenzi okufanele ilungiselelwe ngaphandle kwemingcele yomzimba.
Indlela amavolumu abukeka ngayo ayiyona into efiselekayo, kodwa isinqumo esihleliwe. lungiselela ukubonisa kumabhodi amhlophe edijithali namaphrojekthaNgale ndlela, uthisha angabonisa ikhasi eligcwele eliphindwe kabili esikrinini sekilasi futhi asebenze nalo njengokungathi liyisilayidi esisebenzisanayo, egxile emininingwaneni, ebuza abafundi imibuzo, noma exhumanisa okubonakala emifanekisweni nokunye okuqukethwe kwezifundo.
Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi umsebenzi kaPedro Cifuentes uthole Umklomelo Kazwelonke Wezemfundo YentuthukoLo mklomelo uqaphela ikhwalithi yomsebenzi wakhe njengomuntu okhuthaza ukuthandwa kanye nomsunguli wokusetshenziswa kwamahlaya ngezinjongo zemfundo. Ngaphambi kwaleli qoqo, wayeseshicilele imisebenzi efana nethi Imigomo Yentuthuko Yeminyaka Eyinkulungwane ngendlela yencwadi yamahlaya o Uhambo lwe-SDG, ekhuthazwa yizinhlangano ezifana ne-AECID kanye noMnyango Wezemfundo, ngaphezu kokwenza amahlaya abe yingxenye yezincwadi zaseValencia ezifana ne Xiulit.
Ushintsho oluvela ekuxhasweni kwemali kokuqala kuya ekushicilelweni kobungcweti I-Despertaferro Ediciones Kwakuyisinyathelo esingokwemvelo: impumelelo yochungechunge lokuqala lokunyathelisa yakwenza kwacaca ukuthi iphrojekthi yayinamandla, futhi umbhali wayedinga isakhiwo sokuhlela esasizoqinisekisa ukunyatheliswa kabusha, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokuqhubeka kochungechunge ngaphandle kokubeka wonke umthwalo wezokuthutha emahlombe akhe.
Umbhali-uthisha odweba njengoba efundisa (noma okuphambene nalokho)
Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu kukhohlisa kukhona umuntu kaPedro Cifuentes, uthisha ovame ukuzibiza ngokuhlekisa njengomuntu oye Uzidweba ebukeka engcono kunalokho ayikho ngempela emidwebweni yakhe yamahlaya.Usehlale ekilasini iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, futhi uvame ukuthi ngesikhathi eqala ukungena ekilasini wathola ukuthi ngemuva kwakhe kwakukhona ikhathuni enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni: ibhodi elimnyama.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubelokhu ehlola amathuba okuba Indaba Echazayo Njengethuluzi LemfundoUnikeza izifundo zokuqeqesha, ama-workshop, kanye nezinkulumo ngezindlela ezisebenzayo ezisetshenziswa ekufundiseni uMlando kanye neSayensi Yezenhlalo. Isifiso sakhe ukuvusa lokho akubiza ngokuthi “Umuzwa Wokumangala” kubantu abasha: leyo ngxube yelukuluku kanye nokwesaba okwenza abafundi bafune ukufunda okwengeziwe ngokwabo.
Isitayela sakhe sokudweba siyabonakala ngokushesha: abalingiswa abathandekayo, abaveza imizwa abanomfanekiso ohlekisayo, abahamba ngezilungiselelo eziklanywe ngokucophelela nezikhanyayo. imininingwane yomlando kanye nezinkomba ezihambisanayoEceleni kwabo, umlingiswa ontshontsha izigcawu: uLómper, inja encane enobuthakathaka bezinsika ezisebenza njenge-mascot kanye nomculo wamahlaya, waze wafika ezingeni lokulingisa ku-mini-comic yakhe nokulingisa, njengoba umbhali ehlekisa, “njengomqedi” wemisebenzi yakhe.
emakhasini we Umlando wobuciko kumahlaya Isandla somuntu onolwazi oluphelele kokubili okuqukethwe kanye nendlela yokuxhumana siyabonakala. I-Cifuentes ayigcini nje ngokufaka amabhamuza enkulumo phezu kwezithombe: Isebenzisa zonke izinsiza zamahlaya—i-montage, isigqi, ukwakheka kwekhasi— ukuqinisa izincazelo. I-ellipsis isebenza ukugxuma phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka, ukulandelana okufanayo kuqhathanisa imisebenzi, i-gag ebonakalayo iphula ukuqina okungenzeka komqondo wemfundiso.
Labo abasondela ochungechungeni abanesizinda esithile somlando bahlala bethola imininingwane emincane okungenzeka ukuthi abayinakanga, noma bayamangala ukubona ukuthi umqondo obonakala womile uhlukana kanjani ube amaphaneli acacile nakhumbulekayo. Akumangazi ukuthi abafundi abaningi abadala, ngisho nalabo abanesizinda somlando wobuciko, bavuma ukuthi banaso Bazijabulele kakhulu futhi bafunda imininingwane emisha. phakathi kwamahlaya.
Kungani leli qoqo kufanele libe khona kuzo zonke izikole (nasemakhaya amaningi)
Uma ubheka lo msebenzi wonke, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani othisha abaningi kangaka, ababuyekezi, kanye nabafundi abavela ezizukulwaneni ezahlukene bewuncoma. Umlando wobuciko kumahlaya njengomsebenzi Kufanele ibe nendawo ehlala njalo emitatsheni yezincwadi yesikole kanye nasemakilasini esikole samabanga aphezulu.Hhayi ngenxa yalokho elikushoyo kuphela, kodwa nangendlela elikusho ngayo.
Ngokungafani neminye imizamo “yokusondeza izincwadi zakudala kubantu abasha” eziwela ekuzithobeni noma ekwenzeni lula ngokweqile, lena iqala ngomqondo wokuthi intsha ingakwazi ukuwusingatha imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi, uma nje yethulwa ngokwethembeka nangesivinini esihleIzingxabano zomlando azimboziwe, futhi izingxoxo ezilukhuni azifihlwa: kukhona ingxoxo eqondile ngokubhujiswa kwefa, ukuphangwa, impikiswano ngokubuya kwemisebenzi efana neParthenon Marbles, kanye nokungezwani phakathi kweminyuziyamu namazwe avela kuwo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqoqo lidlala indima ethinta imizwa kanye nenkumbulo yakudala kubafundi abadala. Uchungechunge oluvela kuma-70s nama-80s lufana Kwasukasukela…Imiqulu emikhulu enezithombe evela eBruguera noma izincwadi zezinganekwane eziningi ezibolekwe emtatsheni wezincwadi wesikole zibonakala njenge isizinda esingokomoya salo msebenzi, okuvuselela lowo moya esizukulwaneni esijwayele i-YouTube, imidlalo yevidiyo kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana.
Empeleni, lawa ma-comics asebenza njenge ibhuloho lokuqala eliya ekufundeni okuxineneyoLabo abathintekayo lapha bangadlulela ezinhlokweni ezikhethekile, ama-monograph, noma imilando emikhulu yobuciko efana nekaGombrich, kodwa bazokwenza lokho ngemephu yengqondo ekhona kakade kanye nezinkomba ezibonakalayo ezicacile. Yingakho othisha abaningi besebenzisa lezi zinto njengesingeniso noma isengezo, hhayi njengesithasiselo seminye imithombo.
Incwadi ethi “Umlando Wobuciko Kwamahlaya” ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuxoxa ngamakholomu, ama-stylobates, izikhathi, izinguquko zobuciko, kanye nezingxoxo zefa kusetshenziswa ulimi olufinyeleleka kalula, olujabulisayo, noluqinile. Ngenxa yoprofesa one-lightsaber, iqembu labafundi besimanje kakhulu, kanye nenja encane ethanda amakholomu, Umlando wobuciko awusabi uhlu lwamagama futhi uba yinto eqhubekayo Isukela emihumeni kuya eGuernica, idlula e-Athens, eRoma, ezindlini zezindela zasendulo, ezigodlweni ze-baroque, kanye neminyuziyamu yanamuhla. Futhi lokho, ekugcineni, kuwukunqoba okukhulu kwale phrojekthi: ukuthola umuntu ongakaze azibuze umbuzo othi “yini ubuciko?” ukuthi agcine ewubuza ngelukuluku kanye nesifiso sokuqhubeka nokufunda.
[i-url ehlobene = “https://www.cultura10.com/what-is-a-synoptic-frame/”]